第二章 句法

第一節 主謂一致

要點歸納

典型考題例析

1.(2007包頭市)－Who willteach youto SWim this

summer?

－The twins．Because_____Lily_____Lu－

cy SWim very well．

A.both：and B.neither；nor

C.either；or D.not only．but also

點撥：both…and…連接主語時，謂語動詞用復數形式。答案為：A。

2.(2007蘭州市)James with the Greens

the White Tower Park if it_____tomorrow．

A.are going to；isn't rainy

B.are going to；doesn't rain

C.is going to；won't rain

D.is going to；isn't rainy

點撥：本句的主語為James，with the Greens是介詞短語，因此第一空謂語動詞應用單數形式；第二空是條件狀語從句．應用一般現在時表示將來。答案為：D。

3.(2007山西省)It rained heavily this morning，but

_____of my classmates were late for sch001．

A.neither B.none C.all

點撥：根據but，應先排除C；“neither(兩者)of+名詞復數”作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數形式；“none of+名詞復數(三者或三者以上)”謂語動詞可用單數或復數。答案為：B。

4.(2007陜西省)Trees and flowers_____every

year to make our country more beautiful．

A.is planted B.was planted

C.are planted D.were planted

點撥：and連接的兩個主語時，意義上表示復數，謂語動詞通常用復數形式。答案為：C。

5.(2007臨沂市)Not only Jim but also his sister_____a few cities in the SOUth since they came to China．

A.will visit B has visited

C.have visited D.visited

點撥：由并列連詞not only…but also…，ei－ther…or…，neither…nor…等連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞的單復數形式一般采取就近原則。另根據since they came to China，主句中的謂語動詞應用現在完成時。答案為：B。

6.(2007濟寧市)In the coming summer h01idays，my

family_____going to take a one－week trip to

Qingdao．

A.is B.are C.was D.were

點撥：集合名詞family，此處強調其中的每個成員，謂語動詞用復數形式。答案為：B。

誤區警示

Everyone except BiU and Jim_____therewhen the meeting begaru

A.was B.is C.are D.were

同學們認為Bill and Jim是復數形式，所以后面用復數形式vv'ere。其實本句的主語是everyone，主語后面的except Bill and Jim是介詞短語。介詞with，together，like，but，except，besides等構成的介詞短語放在主語后面時，其謂語動詞的數不受影響，即主語是單數，謂語動詞就用單數，主語是復數，謂語動詞也用復數。本題答案為A。在解主謂一致的題目時，關鍵是要注意其有關原則，掌握常見的主謂一致的形式。

破關訓練

一、單項選擇。

( )1.HOW time flies!Ten years_____passed．

A.have B.has

C.is D.are

( )2.The childran without parents_____good

care of by their teachers in this speeial

school．

A.takes B.take

C.is taken D.are taken

( )3．Olymic(奧林匹克)Games_____every

four years．

A.held B.hold

C.are held D.is held

( )4.70％of the carth_____covered with wa－

tar．

A.are B.is C.were D.being

( )5.A message sent between computers_____

an email．

A.are B.is C.have D.has

( )6.In our school library there_____a number

of books on science and the humber of tham

_____growing larger and 1arger．

A.is：are B.are；is

C.has；is D.have；are

( )7.Here_____some flowers and some money

for you．

A.is B.are C.has D.have

( )8.Either Jane or Steven_____watching TV

now．

A.were B.is C.are D.was

( )9.The writer and teacher_____come alre

ady．Let's visit him now．

A.has B.have C.is D.are

( )10.All the students and their class teacher

_____interested in the film they saw yes－

terday evening．

A.is B.will be C.was D.were

( )11.Seeing_____believing．

A.be B.are C.was D.is

( )12.I wonder if anybody_____going to take

me home when the party is over．

A.was B.were C.are D.is

( )13.The police_____still busy looking for

the missing boy．

A.has B.are C.is D.have

( )14._____she or you going to Beijing next

week?

A.Is B.Are C.Was D.Were

( )15.I like the pictures which_____on show．

A.are B.was C.is D.being

二、從題后括號內選擇正確的詞填空。

1.Politics_____often a topic for discussion a－

mong us. (is；are)

2.Fifty miles ______a long distance. (is；are)

3.The police______caught the thief. (has; have)

4.All possible means_______been tried. (have，has)

5.More than one person______tried. (have;has)

6.The doctor and writer______come yet.

(haven' t； hasn't)

7.Every boy and every girl ______been allowed to

attend the meeting. (have； has)

8.Neither Tom nor I______right. (am；is)

9.He was the only one of the students in our class

who_______accepted by Tsinghua University.

(was；were )

10.I as well as you ______always ready to help

others. (am;are)

第二節 賓語從句

要點歸納

賓語從句是初中語法的重要項目之一。它在復合句中作主句的賓語，通常由that，if(whether)及what，when，how等引導。要想真正會運用賓語從句，必須要過“三關”，即“引導詞關”、“語序關”、“時態關”，還必須了解如何對其進行簡化。

一、過“引導詞關”

賓語從句的引導詞通常分為三個類型。

1.當賓語從句由陳述句變化而來時，用that引導從句，其中that無具體意義，在口語或非正式文體中常省略。如：He said，“Simon will visit the GreatWall tomorrow”－He said(that)Simon would visitthe Great Wall the next day．

2.當賓語從句由一般疑問句變化而來時，用if或whether引導從句，意為“是否”。如：Sally asks，“Does Chen Huan miss her parents?”－Sally asks if／whether Chen Huan misses her parents．

whether與if用法的對比：

whether和if引導賓語從句時，可以互換使用。如：I don't know whether／if she will come．我不知道她是否會來。

在“be＋形容詞”之后，用whether或if均可。如：1 was not sure whether／if he would come to attendthe meeting．我不能肯定他是不是會來參加會議。

但在下列情況下只能用whether，不能用 if：

(1)引導表語從句或同位語從句。如：The ques－tion is whether the lecture is worth listening to．問題是這報告是否值得聽。

(2)在句首引導主語從句。如：Whether this istrue or not，I can't say．這是不是真的，我說不準。

(3)whether后可以直接跟不定式，if則不能。如：She hasn't decided whether to go or not．她還沒有決定去還是不去。

(4)在介詞之后只能用whether，不能用if口如：Everything depends on whether we have enough mon－ey．一切取決于我們是否有足夠的錢。

(5)whether后面能緊跟or not，if則不能。如：Idon't know whether or not they will come for ourhelp．我不知道他們是否來幫助我們。

3.當賓語從句由特殊疑問句變化而來時，則用連接代詞who／whose／what／which或連接副詞when／where／why／hOW等引導。它們在從句中都充當一定的句子成分，不可省略。如：Lingling wantedto know．When will the meeting begin?－Lingling wanted to know when the meeting would begin．

二、過“語序關”

在含有賓語從句的復合句中，充當賓語從句的句子不管原來是什么語序，在從句中都用陳述句語序，即：“引導詞+主語+謂語+其他”結構。如：Tom Said．I have had the MP4 for a year．(從句為陳述句)－Tom said he had had the MP4 for a year．

Sally asked．Is the boy a student?(從句為一般疑問句)一Sally asked if／whether the boy was a student．

Chen Huan wanted to know．Where is the post office?(從句為特殊疑問句)－Chen Huan wanted to know where the post office was．

注意：當who在從句中作主語時，語序本來就是“主語+謂語”，所以就不再變了。如：The teacher asked．Who is the first to come here?－The teacher asked who was the first t0 come here．

三、過“時態關”

賓語從句的時態，要受到主句時態的限制，即要與主句時態呼應。含有賓語從句的主從復合句在時態呼應上要遵循以下三條規則：

1.當主句的時態是一般現在時、一般將來時、祈使句時，從句的時態可根據意義的需要而選用任意一種。如：

Do you know who lost a Walkman yesterday?

Please tell me why he hasn't come yet．

Will you show me how you worked out the

maths problem?

2.若主句的時態為一般過去時，賓語從句須用相對應的過去的某一種時態。這種時態的對應主要包括：一般現在時——一般過去時；一般將來時——過去將來時；一般過去時——過去完成時；現在進行時——過去進行時；現在完成時——過去完成時。如：

Mr Zhang said．I am a teache－Mr Zhang said(that)he was a teacher．

We asked him．What are you doing?——We asked him what he was doing．

I asked your secretary if she could come．

3.當賓語從句所敘述的是客觀事實、真理、自然現象、名言警句、諺語等時，不管主句是什么時態，從句一律用一般現在時。如：Our teacher told us light travels faster than sound．

四、賓語從旬的簡化

1.當主句的謂語動詞是hope，agree，wish，choose，decide，promise等，后面帶賓語從句，且主從句主語相同時，可以簡化成不定式結構作賓語。如：I hope that I shall see you soon．－I hope to see you soon．

2.當主句謂語動詞是decide，wonder，know，learn，forget，remember等詞時，后面帶的賓語從句可簡化成“疑問詞+不定式”結構，此時，主從句主語也須一致。如：I don't know what I should do next．－I don't know what to d0 next．

She hasn't decided whether she should go or not．－She hasn't decided whether to go or not．

3.當主句謂語動詞是ask，tell，show，teach等，后帶雙賓語，且從句主語和間接賓語一致時，賓語從句可轉化成“疑問詞+不定式”結構。如：

Would you please tell me how l can get to the cinema?－Would you please tell me how to get tothe cinema?

Please tell me where I can find her．－Please tell me where to find her．

但是，如果間接賓語和從句的主語不一致。一般不要把賓語從句簡化，否則會產生歧義。如：

She didn't tell me where she would go．－She didn't tell me where to go．簡化的句子含義有以下兩種：“她沒有告訴我她要去什么地方。”或“她沒有告訴我我要去什么地方?！?/p>

4.當主句的謂語動詞是order(命令)，require(需要)等時，如果主句和從句的主語不一致，賓語從句可轉化成“名詞(：代詞)+不定式”結構。如：The teacher ordered that we should go at once．－The teacher or－dered us to gO at once．

5.除了以上用不定式簡化賓語從句之外，也可以采用另外一些結構。如：Tom insisted that he should g0 with us．－Tom insisted on going with us．

典型考題例析

1.(2007蘭州市)－Would you please tell me______?

－OK。her name is Ciei．

A.what was her name

B.what her namewas

C.what ls her name

D.what her name is

點撥：主句WOUld you please teU me是一種客氣委婉的說法，不要把它看作是過去時態；在賓語從句中要用陳述句的語序。答案為：D。

2.(2007山西省)－Did you know______at the bus stop?

－Maybe their teacher．

A.who are they waiting for

B.whom they are waiting for

C.whom they were waiting fOr

點撥：主句的時態是一般過去時，賓語從句中的時態也應用過去時態的某一形式。答案為：C。

3.(2007濰坊市)－Does Ted tell you if he

______next Sunday?

－No，he doesn't．But if he——，I'1l give you a ring．

A．will come swill come

B.comes；will come

C.comes；comes

D.will come；comes

點撥：本題考查if引導的賓語從句和條件狀語從句的區別：if(是否)引導賓語從句時，按具體情況來定所需的時態。if(如果)引導狀語從句時，要用一般現在時表示將來。答案：D。

4.(2007濰坊市)Our physics teacher told us light______faster than sound last term．

A.travels B.travel

C.travelled D.travellir培

點撥：賓語從句表示的是客觀事實，無論主句時態如何，賓語從句中都應用一般現在時。答案為：A。

誤區警示

賓語從句是中考考查的重點，重點考查賓語從句的引導詞、語序和時態。在中考閱卷中發現許多同學在時態的運用上及語序的運用上常常發生錯誤，請同學們要特別注意上文所講的“時態關”和“語序關”。

破關訓練

一、單項選擇。

( )1.I didn't know______they eould pass the

exam Or not．

A.that B.what

C.which D.whether

( )2.You can't imagine______when they re－

ceived these nice Christmas presents．

A.how they were excited

B.how excited they were

C.how excited were they

D.they were hOW excited

( )3.－What are you searching the Internet for?

－I'mtrying to find out______．

A.what's difference between SARS and

BIRDFLU

B.how many people have died in Iraq

C.hOW protect our environmertt

D.whv isn't our Chinese team able to beat

Korea

( )4.－I hear that Yi Zhongtian will come to Wu－

hu and give a talk．

－Really?Do you know______?

A.what w訂l he talk about

B.where will he give a talk

C.how will he come

D.when he will arrive

( )5.－Do you know______?

－Sorry，but if he______back，I______

you know as soon as possible．

A．when will he be back：comes；wiIl let

B.when he will be back：will come；will let

C.what time will he be backl wnl come；let

D.what time he will be back：comes；wnl let

( )6.－When are the Shutes 1caving for New York?

－Pardon?

－I asked

A.when are the Shutes leaving for New York

B.when the Shutes are leaving for New York

C.when were the Shutes leaving for New York

D.when the Shutes were leaving for New York

( )7.He asked me

A.if she will come

B.how many b00ks I want to have

C.they would help us do it

D．what was wrong with me

( )8.Mike，go and see who______football on

the playground．

A.is playing B.plays

C.played D.were playing

( )9.The woman still doesn't know what

in her hometown whne she was away．

A.happens B.happened

C.will happen D.was happened

( )10.I'd like to know

A.when will he give back the tape

B.whether has he received higher education

C.that he has been busy

D.whether she will join in our Enghsh eve－

ning

( )11.Could you tell me______?

A.which room he liyes

B.which room he lived

C.which room did he live in

D.which room he lives in

( )12.She said she______me five letters in one

month．

A.has written B.will write

C.had written D.wrote

( )13.－Do you know______we'll get there at

3：00 this afternoon?

－I'm afraid we'll be late．

A.that B.hoe

C.why D.whether

( )14.－Could you teU me______tomor－

row morning?

－WeU，it wm start at 9：00 O'clock．

A.when the meeting will start

B.where will the meeting start

C.where the meeting starts

D.when the meeting WOUld start

( )15.－I teally want to know______Sun Yao is．

－It is said that he is much better these

days．

A.what B.how

C.where D.who

二、仿照例句，合并句子。

Model: They are stars. We know.

We know that they are stars.

1.He's looking up to see the bird. We know.

_____________________________________

2.Is our nearest star too small to see? You may want

to know.

___________________________________

3.Why won't you stay at school? I wondered.

___________________________________

4.What are they talking about? I don't know.

___________________________________

5.What does it mean by studying hard? You will un－

derstand.

___________________________________

6.Where is the moon? Helen wants to know.

___________________________________

7.Does Miss Green have her lunch at school? I didn't

know.

___________________________________

8.Is there anything wrong with her radio? Mrs White

asked Mary.

___________________________________

9.This is an easy question. It seemed.

___________________________________

10.How is he going to use the computer? Tom

knew.

___________________________________

三、根據漢語意思完成下列各句。

1.我們不知道在哪兒下車。

We didn't know________get off．

2.你能告訴我誰教我們物理嗎?

Could you tell me________________

3.他知道他們什么時候去英國嗎?

Does he know when________go to England?

4.我實在不知道他明天去不去上海。

I reaIly don'tknow________

go to Shanghai tomorrow．

5.杰克沒有告訴我們湯姆能否準時完成作業。

Jack didn't tell us________________

finish his homework________________ ．

6.我們相信我們隊將會打贏這場足球賽。

We believed________our team________

________the football game．

7.你能告訴我他們在哪兒比賽嗎?

Could you tell me________________

having the lnatch?

8.我們想知道他們將在這兒逗留多久。

We wondered________________

9.請告訴我太陽離我們有多遠。

Please tell me how________

________from us．

10.貝貝問她的母親下周三是否去鄉間露營。Beibei asked her mother if she________________ in the country______.

四、將下列賓語從句轉化為簡單旬。

1.I don't know what I should do next.

________________________

2.He ordered him that he should do it at once.

________________________

3.Miss Green agreed that she would help me with

my Japanese.

________________________

4.I have forgotten how I can run the machine.

________________________

5. He found that the problem was very difficult.

________________________

第三節 狀語從句

要點歸納

狀語從句在復合句中作狀語，修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞或副詞等。狀語從句放在主句之前時，常用逗號分開，放在主句之后一般不用逗號。狀語從句按其意義和作用可以分為時間、條件、原因、結果、目的、讓步、比較等。

1.時間狀語從句

(1)時間狀語從句一般不用將來時，如果主句是一般將來時、祈使句或含有將來的意味，when，assoon as，till／until等引導的時間狀語從句用一般現在時代替一般將來時。如：We'll have to clean the plates before Mother comes home．

(2)when'as，while都表示“當……的時候”，但when引導的時間狀語從句的動作和主句的動作可以是同時發生，也可以先后發生；while既可指時間點，也可指時間段；用as，while時則強調主句和從句的動作同時發生；但while只能表示一段時間，從句須用延續性動詞。如：He is listening to the music whileshe is washing clothes．

(3)till和until都表示“直到……為止”，主句用延續性動詞，主句和從句都用肯定式；表示“直到……才”時，主句用終止性動詞，從句用肯定式。主句用否定式。until較till正式，until引導的時間從句可以放在句首。如：

She won't go away till you promise to help her．

Until you told me．I had heard 0f nothing about what happened．

(4)since引導的時間狀語從句常用一般過去時，其主句一般使用現在完成時。如：Jim has been in thefactory for two years since he left school．

2.條件狀語從句

條件狀語從句由if(如果)，as long as(只要)等引導。如果主句是將來時，條件狀語從句用一般現在時。如：The students will go to the Summer Palace ifit doesn't rain tomorrow．

3.原因狀語從句

原因狀語從句由because(因為)，as(由于)，since(既然，由于)等引導。because(因為)不能和so(所以)用在同一個句子中。如：－Is David at school to－day?－No．He is at home because he has a bad cold．

4.結果狀語從句

結果狀語從句一般由so…that…(如此……以至……)，such…that…(如此……以至……)等引導。從句常用can，could等情態動詞。如：He hurt her so badly that she had to see a doctor．

so…that…與such…that…的區別是：so后跟形容詞或副詞，such后跟名詞。如：

It rained so heavily that nobody could walk out－side．

She is such a lovely girl that people like her very much．

so…that…引導的狀語從句如果是否定意義，可以變為too…to…結構的簡單句。如：

It's so heavy that we can't move it．－It's too heavy for us to move．

5.目的狀語從句

目的狀語從句常由so that(為了，以便)，in order that等引導，放在主句之后，從句中常用can，could，may，might等動詞，in order that引導的從句可以放在主句前。如：

If you do know。answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear you．如果你知道(答案)，就用足夠大的聲音來回答，以便全班同學都能聽得見。

We stopped at Hangzhou so that we might go tothe West Lake．我們在杭州停了下來，以便能去看看西湖。

In order that every student might understand it．the teacher explained that passage again and agaim為了讓每個學生都能明白，老師把那一節解釋了一遍又一遍。

so that引導的目的狀語從句可轉換成動詞不定式短語。如：－She hurried to sch001 s0 that shemight not be 1ate．－She hurried t0 sch001 in 0rder notto be late．

6.讓步狀語從句

讓步狀語從句由although，though(雖然，盡管)，as(雖然，盡管)等引導。如：He's good at volleyballthough he isn't talI enough．

as引導讓步狀語從句時，常用倒裝語序，倒裝的成分常是形容詞、名詞、分詞、副詞或動詞。若倒裝的是單數名詞時，其前不加冠詞。如：

C1ever as he is，he doesn't study well．

Hard as I tried，1 was unable to make much pro—gress．

Child as he is．he knows a great deal．

注意：although／though(雖然)不能與but(但是)用在同一個句子中，兩者只能選其一。

7.比較狀語從句

比較狀語從句由than(比)as…as…(和……一樣)，not as／s0…as…(和……不一樣)等連詞引導。如：

I know you better than he does．

This story is as interesting as that one(is)．

典型考題例析

1.(2007蘭州市)My brother is going to look for an－other job________the company offers him more money．

A.after B.when

C.unless D.besides

點撥：根據題干意義“我的哥哥將去尋找另一份工作，(除非)公司給他更多的錢”，應該用unIess。答案為：C。

2.(2007貴陽市)If Betty has time，she________

climbing with parents tomorrow．

A.goes to B.will go C.doesn't go

點撥：觀察題干，可知本題是考查if條件狀語從句+主句結構，條件狀語從句中用了一般現在時，表示將來，主句應用一般將來時。答案為：B。

3.(2007貴陽市)Kate is________busy________ she can't lmve a picnic、with us this weekend．

A.so…that B.too…to C.so…as

點撥：題干意義為“凱特是如此的忙以至本周末她不能和我們一起野餐”。答案為：A。

4.(2007山西省)She still failed the exam，________she tried her best．

A.though B.because C.if

點撥：由題意可知句子前后意思構成轉折關系，因此應用從屬連詞though引導讓步狀語從句。答案為：A。

5.(2007陜西省)We have been good friends________we joined the same Pipg-pong team．

A.after B.befOre

C.since D.until

點撥：由于主句的時態是現在完成時，從句中的時態是一般過去時，因此應選用since。答案為：C。

6.(2007河北省)I didn't know he came back________I met him in the street．

A.since B.when C.until D.after

點撥：根據題干意義“直到我在街上遇見了他，我才知道他回來了?！笨芍绢}是not…until…結構。答案為：C。

誤區警示

I don't know when________．When he________，I'11 call you．

A.will he come；will come

B.he will come；comes

C.he comes；wm come

D.does he come；comes

我們知道，when作“什么時候”講，可以引導賓語從句，when作“當……時候”講，可以引導時間狀語從句。有些同學不能正確地分清這兩種從句，結果造成錯誤。本題的第一句“I don't knOW when he wiUcome”是含有賓語從句的復合句，從句根據需要用一般將來時；“when he comes back，I'll can you．”是包含時間狀語從句的復合句，在時間狀語從句中，要用一般現在時表示將來。所以本題答案為B。

破關訓練

一、單項選擇。

()1.－When did your father come back last night?

－He didn't come back________he finished

all thework．

A.until B.while

C.if D.when

( )2.－Would you please give this MP3 to Mary?

－Sure．I'll give it to her________she comes

back．

A.hefore B.as soon as

C.till D.while

( )3.Xiao Li has WOrked here________he came

here．

A.when B.before

C.since D.while

( )4.Don't be afraid of asking for infoiTnation

it is needed．

A.when B.after

C.althOUgh D.unless

( )5.It wasn't long________the rain stopped and

the sun came OUt again．

A.until B.before

C.when D.since

( )6.After school I fOund Mother was in bed with

sick．________Mother was iIl，I shOHld do

something fOr her．

A.So B.Though

C.Sinee D.If

( )7.He missed the train this morning________he

got up late．

A.or B.if

C.but D.because

( )8.YOU'll do much better________you're more

careful with your spelling．

A.if B.before

C.althOHgh D.unless

( )9.You'll fail your next exam________you start

to work hard at your studies now．

A.because B.unless

C.so D.whv

( )10.This dress stiU looks pretty on you，________

it is out of style．

A.though B.so

C.since D.if

( )11.________the water was cold，Wei Qing－

guang jumped into it to save others．

A.AlthOUgh B.When

C.If D.Because

( )12.The dog rnshed to the nearest village

________it could get someone to help his

dying owner there．

A.where B.which

C.that D.so that

( )13.－The classroom is________ciean________it

was yesterda y．

－Sorry，I forgot to clcan it．

A.asias B.solas

C.not so as D.morelthan

( )14.The book was so interesting that he read it

for three hours________he realized it．

A.when B.until

C.after D.before

( )15.You will be able to get good mark________．

A.while yOH are doing your homework by

yourself

B.if you do some revision every day

C.before you begin to study hard

D.until you follow your teachers'advice

二、從方框中選擇適當的詞連接下列句子，每個詞只用一次。

as soon as， since， before， because， when， after，not… until…than， though， if

1.Tom needs some help. The question is difficult.

________________________________

2.She came here four years ago. She has made a lot

of friends.

________________________________

3.Mr Black came into class. The bell rang for class.

________________________________

4.It's not hot today. It was hot yesterday．

________________________________________

5.It's very hot outside. They are still working hard.

________________________________________

6.The students cleaned the classroom. They went to

see the film.

________________________________

7.Mr Black had worked in England for 10 years. He

came back to Australia last year.

________________________________

8.You'll be late for the meeting. You don't hurry.

________________________________

9.Li Ping began to study English. He was ten.

________________________________

10.The doctor operated on the woman. The light in

the room was very bright.

________________________________

第四節 定語從句

要點歸納

在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的句子(從句)叫定語從句。定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語從句作定語時，位置在先行詞的后面。

引導定語從句的詞有關系代詞that，which，who(賓格whom，所有格whose)和關系副詞when，where，why等。關系代詞或關系副詞在先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯系作用，同時又作定語從句的一個成分。

一、關系代詞的用法

1.that指物，有時也指人，在定詞從句中作主語或賓語。作主語時不可省略，作賓語時可省略。如：

His father works in a factory that makes TVsets．他父親在一家制造電視的工廠工作。(作主語，指物，不可省略)

The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue．我放在這張課桌上的外衣是藍色的。(作賓語，可省略)

2.which指物，不指人，在從句中作主語或賓語。作主語時不可省略，作賓語時可省略。如：

Who was hurt in the accident which happenedyesterday?誰在昨天的事故中受傷了?(指物，作主語，不可省略)

The film(which)we saw last night was wonder－ful．我們昨天看的那部電影很精彩。(指物，作賓語，可省略)

注意：

which與that指物時可互相代替，但that比which更常見，尤其是在口語中。但要注意that可用來指人，而which則不能指人。如：The girl which of－ten helps me with my English is from America．(×)The girl that often helps me with my English is fron America．(√)

3.who指人，在從句中作主語或賓語。作主語時不可省略，作賓時可省略。如：

The teacher who spoke at the meeting just nov is having a rest in his office．剛才在會上講話的那位教師正在他的辦公室休息。(作主語，不可省略)

He know the writer(who)we met yesterday．催認識昨天我們見到的那位作家。(作賓語，可省略)

4.whom指人，為who的賓格形式，在定語從句中只作賓語，其前沒有介詞時可用who替代使用，也可省略。如：

Who is the man(whom／who／that)Xiao Wang istalking to?正：在與小王談話的男人是誰?(作賓語，可省略)

The doctor with whom he went to the Australialast month is very famous．上個月與他一起去澳大利亞的那位醫生是非常有名的。(作賓語，介詞with提到了whom之前，whom在這里不可省略，也不可用who替代)

5.whose指人或物，在從句中作定語。指物時常可用ofwhich取代。如：

The building whose roof we can see from here is a hotel．在我們這兒望得見房頂的那座房子是一家旅館。

The boss in whose department Mr King workedhad heard about the accident．金先生工作的那個部門老板已聽說了這起事故。

注意：

在定語從句中常有介詞。當介詞放在從句末時，who／that／which仍然可省略。但，把介詞提到關系代詞前，只能用介詞+which／whom結構，這時which也不能用that來代替。如：The room(that／which)Ilive in is very clean．我住的房間很干凈。

－The room in which I live is very clean．(不可用that)

－The room where I live is very clean．(where－in which)

只能用that不能用which引導的定語從句：

1.定語從句所修飾的先行詞被形容詞最高級所修飾時，只能用that引導。如：It is the most interest－ing novel(that)I have ever read．這是我曾經讀過的最有趣的小說。

2.定語從句所修飾的先行詞被序數詞所修飾時，只能用that引導。如：The boys like the second les－son that is about“The football match\"．男孩們喜歡第二課，第二課是關于足球賽的。

3.定語從句所修飾的先行詞被the only，the very或the same所修飾時，只能用that引導定語從句。如：Where is the very book(that)I bought just now?我剛才買的那本書在哪兒?

4.定語從句所修飾的先行詞被不定代詞如：all，any，no，every，little，a或much，many等修飾時，只能用that引導。如：Here is a11 the money(that)my fa－ther has．這是我父親所有的錢。

5.定語從句所修飾的先行詞為everything，something。anything'all，none，much，little，few等不定代詞時，只能用that引導。如：I want everything(that)I want．我想要我所需要的一切東西。

6.定語從句所修飾的先行詞中同時含有“人”和“物”的名詞，只能用that引導。如：I can still remem－ber the persons and some pictures(that)I see in theroom．我仍能記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些畫。

注意：

the same…that表示同一個人或物，that只起加強相同語氣的作用，即便省去也不改變句意，名詞前的Salne也可省略。而the same…as中的same和as則不能省略，只表示“……與……一模一樣”而不一定是同一個人或物。

比較：I want to buy the same book that youbought．我想買與你買的相同的書。(想買你買的那本書)＝I want to buy the book you bought．

I want to buy the same book as you bought．我想要買和你買的一樣的書。(不是買你的那本書)

二、關系副詞的用法

1.when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。如：

I still remember the day when I first came to theGreat Wall．我還記得我第一次來長城的那天。

Do you still remember one afternoon ten yearsago when I came to your house and borrowed a dia－mond necklace?你記得十年前的一天下午，我來到了你家并借了一條鉆石項鏈嗎?

注意：

在比較正式的語體中，when可以根據不同的先行詞分別由介詞短語at／on／during which取代。如：Idon't remember the day when／on which he left．我記不得他離開的日子。

2.where指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。如：He used to work hard on the small farm wherethey lived．他經常在他們所住的小農場辛勤勞動。

where也可根據不同的先行詞分別由介詞短語at／in／from which等取代。如：This is the housewhere we lived five years ago．這是我們五年前住過的房子。＝This is the house in which we lived fiveyears ago．＝This is the house(which／that)we livedin five years ago．

3．why指原因，相當于for which，在定語從句中作原因狀語。如：That's the reason why／for whichshe spoke．那就是她發言的原因。

典型考題例析

1.(2007河北省)Do you know the man________is

sitting behind Nancy?

A.what B.which

C.who D.whom

點撥：先行詞是人，the man，且作主語，應用關系代詞who。答案為：C。

2.(2007河南省)－Barbara，where do you work?－I work for a company________sells cars．

A.which B.where

C.what D.who

點撥：先行詞是物．a company，作主語，應用which引導。答案為：A。

3.(2007蘭州市)I like places________it's not cold in winter．

A.those B.which

C.where D.this

點撥：先行詞是地點，應用關系副詞where。答案為：C。

4.(2007哈爾濱市)Without friendship，one can't be happy although he is rich enough．As for me。I will never forget the days________I spent with my dearest friend．

A.that B.when C.who

點撥：先行詞是the days，指時間，作spent的賓語。答案為：B。

5.(2007濟寧市)－Have you been to the new Sports Centre________is just opened in town?

－No，not yet．

A.where B.who

C.that D.when

點撥：先行詞是地點，the new Sports Centre，且在定語從句中作主語，應用that引導。答案為：C。

6.(2007南昌市)－Have you found the information about famous people________you can use fOrthe report?

－Not yet．I'll search some on the Internet．

A.which B.who

C.what D.whom

點撥：本句的先行詞是the information，而不是famous people，應用which引導。答案為：A。

誤區警示

在閱卷中發現相當多的同學對定語從句中關系詞的用法不清楚，尤其對關系代詞whose的用法沒有把握，如：Do you know Mr Black________daughteris a famous musician?

A.that her B.whose

C.who D.ofwhom

有的同學認為先行詞Mr Black是指人，所以想到答案C或D，其實無論先行詞是人還是物，如果后面緊跟一個名詞，應該用whose作定語。答案為：B。

破關訓練

一、單項選擇。

( )1.I'm Iooking\"at the photograph________you

sent me with your letter．

A.who B.whom

C.which D.it

( )2.The young lady________we met yesterday is

our new maths teacher．

A.what B.whose

C.whom D.which

( )3.－Can you introduce the town to me?

－OK．This is the town in________I was

born

A.that B.where

C.which D.whom

( )4.－What do you know about the world's pop－

ulation?

－I know China and India are the countries

more than one billion．

A.with a population of

B.with populations

C.that have populations of

D.which have a population of

( )5.A robot is a machine________can do some

difficult work instead of man．

A.who B.／

C.that D.what

( )6.He likes milsic________he could dance t0．

A.who B.that

C.whom D.what

( )7.The police caught the man________stoIe my

handbag．

A.he B.that

C.whom D.which

( )8.Berty went to the museum and saw many pic－ tures________were drawn by a famous per－ son．

A.that B.who

C.what D.whom

( )9.－Do you know the lady________is interviewing

our headmaster?

－Yes，she is a journalist from CCTV．

A.which B.who

C.whom D.whose

( )10.Liu Xiang is the first player in Asia

________won the gold prize in the 110－

hurdle race in the 28th OIympic Games．

A.which B.inwhich

C.whom D.who

二、把下列兩個句子合并成帶定語從句的復合句。

1. The students will not be able to pass the English

exam. They don't study hard.

________________________________

2.The teacher is my physics teacher. You saw him

just now.

________________________________

3. The woman is an English teacher. She is standing

at the school gate.

________________________________

4. This is the girl. Her sister is a famous singer，

________________________________

5. The book is good. I am reading.

________________________________

6.The letter is frtom his father. He received it yester－ day.

________________________________

7.The teacher wants to talk to the boys. Their home－

work hash't been finished.

________________________________

8. He is reading a book. Its name is “Who Moved My

Cheese?”

________________________________

9. He used to live in a big house. In front of it grew

many apple trees.

________________________________

10. The children are very healthy. The old lady is looking

after them．

________________________________

三、把下列句子譯成英語。

1.絕大數中國人喜歡的食品和飲料是米飯、豬肉和茶。

________________________________

2.這是我讀過的最有趣的小說之一。

________________________________

3.中國是世界上許多人都想參觀的國家。

________________________________

4.西蒙正在尋找他爸爸在長城拍的照片。

________________________________

5.這是你前天丟失的那把刀。

________________________________

第五節 虛擬語氣

要點歸納

虛擬語氣常用來表示所說的話與事實相反或實現的可能性很小，也可表示說話人的主觀愿望、假設、猜測或建議。

一、虛擬語氣在條件句和主句中的用法

我們目前主要掌握與現在、過去或將來事實相反的虛擬條件句。

1.表示與現在事實相反的情況。其結構為：從句(If+主語+動詞的過去式)，主句(主語+should／would／could+動詞原形)。如：If 1 were you，1 wouldtake a small present．如果我是你的話，我就帶上一件小禮物。

If I won a million dollars．1 would travel around the world．如果我贏了一百萬美元，我要周游世界。

2.表示與過去事實相反的情況。其結構為：從句(If+主語+had+過去分詞)，主句(主語+should／would+have+過去分詞)。如：If you had been careful，you would not have broken it．你要是當心點，就不會把它打破了。(事實是：你沒有當心，東西被打破了)

在虛擬條件句中，be動詞不論什么人稱，都用were。如：If she were not so busy。she would come here with me．要是她不這么忙，就和我一起來了。

3.表示與將來事實相反的情況。其句子結構為：從句(If+主語+動詞的過去式／should+動詞原形／were t0+動詞原形)，主句(主語+would／should／could+動詞原形)。如：

If he came tomorrow．would you welcome him?假如他明天來，你歡迎他嗎?(事實是：明天他不可能來)

If it should rain this afternoon．what would you do?假如今天下午有雨，你怎么辦?

Ifit were to rain tomorrow，I should stay at home．如果明天下雨，我就呆在家里。

二、虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的用法

在動詞wish后的賓語從句中，表示與現在或過去的事實相反，或表示對將來的主觀愿望，從句通常省略連詞that。

1.表示對現在情況的虛擬：從句動詞用過去式或過去進行式(be的過去式用were)表示。如：

I wish I knew the answer to the question．我希望我知道這個問題的答案。(可惜不知道)

I wish it were spring in my hometown all theyear around．但愿我的家鄉四季如春。(只是愿望，實際根本不可能實現)

2.表示對過去情況的虛擬：從句動詞用had+過去分詞。如：

I wish(that)I hadn't wasted so much time．我后悔不該浪費這么多時間。(實際上已經浪費掉了)

He wishes(wished)he hadn't lost the chance．他真希望沒有失去機會。(事實上機會已經失去了，他感到惋惜)

3.表示對將來的主觀愿望：謂語動詞形式為would／should／could／might+動詞原形，此時要注意，主句的主語與從句的主語不能相同，因為主句的主語所期望的從句動作能否實現．取決于從句主語的態度或意愿(非動作名詞除外)。如：

I wish it would stop raining．但愿雨能停止。

I wish you would be quiet．我希望你安靜一些。

誤區警示

有許多同學對hope和wish的用法經?；煜磺?，常寫出類似下面錯誤的句子：I wish I can fly to the moon one day．wish后接的賓語從句表示的愿望實現的可能性很小，因此要用虛擬語氣形式：i wish i could fly to the moon one day．

hope+賓語從句(陳述語氣)表示的是可能實現的愿望。如：

I hope it is true．(有可能是真的)

I wish it were true．(不可能是真的)

要避免發生類似的錯誤，同學們要注意掌握陳述語氣與虛擬語氣的區別及虛擬語氣的各種形式。

破關訓練

一、單項選擇。

( )1.What would have happened if you________

her child?

A.hadn't helped B.couldn't help

C.wouldn't help D.didn't help

( )2.If I________with her last summer，I________

with her now，

A.worked；am getting on very well

B.had worked；would get on very well

C.had worked；would have got on very well

D.had worked；will get on very well

( )3. I wish I________my uncle yesterday．

A.met B.havemet

C.would meet D.had met

( )4.________you succeed and________you be

healthy．

A.May；may B.Wish；wish

C.Hope；hope D.Should；may

( )5.I was very busy yesterday，otherwise I________

to the meeting．

A.came B.would come

C.had come D.would have come

二、用所給動詞的適當形式填空。

1.－I will have a big English test tomorrow．

－If I________(be)you，I________(review)my notes．

2.－What________you________(do)if you failed the English test?

－I'd talk to the teacher about it．

3.－What would you do if the school bus________

(not come)?

－I________(ride)my bike to sch001．

4.If I had more time，I________(study)Japanese．

5.If you had been careful，you________(not break) the glass．

三、根據漢語完成句子。

1.如果我們贏得一百萬元，我們就捐給慈善機構。 If we________a million yuan，we________________it to charities．

2.要是我不這么忙，我就和她一起去那兒了。

If I________so busy，I________ ________there with her．

3.假如今晚有雨，你怎么辦?

If it________this evening，what would you do?

4.但愿北京整年都是秋天。

I wish it________autumn in Beijing a11 the year round．

5.祝你終身幸福!

________you________all your life!