摘 要:本文以與句子結構有關的英語關聯詞為視角,對英語的句子結構作一剖析,以使廣大英語教師對英語的句子結構有一個更明確的認識,更好地服務于中學,乃至大學的英語教學。
關鍵詞:句子 結構 關聯詞
引言
漢語意合,英語形合。漢語人治,以意馭形,較少需要關聯詞;英語法治,外顯性強,缺了關聯詞寸步難行。如“跑得了和尚跑不了廟”英譯為“The monks may run away, but the temples cannot run away with them”,憑空多了but。 反之,英語關聯詞漢譯時往往隱身,如“If winter comes, can spring be far behind ?”譯為“冬天來了,春天還會遠嗎?”If譯出則畫蛇添足。英語中關聯詞很多,本文只擬討論與句子結構有關的英語關聯詞。
分類
將該類關聯詞在語法書中單獨列為一章不現實,但對它們進行區分和鑒別又很必要。為明確可按詞性分類。

但為方便實用,本文認為最好按作用分類。

作用分析
一、句子結構簡析
英語句子按結構分兩類,一類是只有一個主謂結構的簡單句,一類是包含兩個或兩個以上主謂結構的非簡單句:并列句或復合句。并列句中各主謂結構地位平等,互不統轄;復合句中有主有次,至少有一個主謂結構依附于其他主謂結構而存在。
與句子結構有關的關聯詞與簡單句無關,其探討范疇是并列句與復合句。并列句與復合句的共同特征是一般均應由關聯詞幫助構成。
二、引導并列句的并列連詞
引導并列句的主要并列連詞有and, but, or, so等。
The father loves the son and the son loves the father.
We love peace, but we aren’t afraid of war.
Now I must go or I shall be late.
It was late, so we decided to go home.
三、引導復合句的關聯詞
1.從屬連詞
從屬連詞的主要作用是引導時間、原因、條件、讓步、比較、目的、結果等狀語從句。
They were eating when John arrived.
Since you don’t want to go, I’ll go myself.
Don’t come unless I phone.
Though it’s small, its products are great.
You are a better player than I am.
He explained lest people shouldn’t understand.
I was so moved that I cried.
從屬連詞也能引導名詞性從句,這樣的從屬連詞主要有that,whether與 if。
It’s plain that he doesn’t like it.
I don’t know whether you’ll go.
I wonder if she got it.
2.連接代詞與連接副詞
連接代詞與連接副詞主要引導名詞性從句,連接代詞主要有what,which,who,whom與whose。
What happened hasn’t been made public.
Tell me which is right.
I don’t know who wants it.
The question is whom we should trust.
I wonder whose this is.
連接副詞主要有when,where,why,how等。
When will he return is unknown.
This is where we differ.
Why he did so isn’t clear.
You know how I hate Jim.
3.關系代詞與關系副詞
關系代詞與關系副詞引導定語從句,關系代詞主要有that,which,who,whom與whose等。
The points that he stressed are important.
There are many difficulties which we mustn’t overlook.
Some who are successful language learners often fail in math.
Here is the man whom you’re looking for.
I apologized to the woman whose coffee I spilled.
關系副詞主要有when,where,why等。
I still remember the day when I first met her.
There are few places where we can go.
That is the reason why he refused.
4.引導復合句的關聯詞的比較
某些關聯詞不只引導一種性質的從句。比較一下常用的連接代詞與關系代詞,很快就可發現它們幾乎“孿生”。只有what不是關系代詞,不能引導定語從句;只有that不能做連接代詞,但由于它是從屬連詞,也可引導名詞性從句。比較一下主要的連接副詞與關系副詞不難發現只有how不能引導定語從句。
實戰意義
該類關聯詞對于辨明句子結構很具實戰意義,它們充當一種標識,一般來說一句話中有幾個該類關聯詞就有幾個從句或分句。
If I had realized that she would repeat the story that I had told her confidentially, I should have changed the names of the people who were involved so that even though the facts became public no one would have known to whom they applied.
在上例中除斜體部分為主句外共有七個從句,而這七個從句均有關聯詞起到了標識作用。可見,句子簡單,關聯詞無足輕重;句子越長越難,其作用就愈發重要。
結語
綜上所述,與結構有關的英語關聯詞在英語學習中很重要,它對于辨明句子結構意義頗大,它直接影響學習者的語言結構能力和輸出能力,因此不論是中學英語教師,還是大學英語教師都要對它引起足夠的重視。
參考文獻:
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