大學英語(全新版)第一冊第七單元課文A “Kids On The Track” 是一篇非常生動的記敘文,它詳略得當,生動再現了事故前、事故中和事故后的種種情形。
在教授這篇課文時有一語言現象特別引起了筆者的注意,那就是在此文中分詞作狀語的使用。我們可以毫不夸張地說,分詞作狀語在此文中得到了淋漓盡致的發揮。在此文中分詞作狀語的使用多達十四次,此現象在所有的大學英語課文中應該是無出其右者。為探討方便,茲列于下:
1. But, her two sons, 31/2-year-old Todd and 18-month-old Scott, were nearby, playing on the driveway. (L6)
2. “Okay!” said Todd, giving a thumbs-up gesture he had seen his father make(L10).
3. “Kay!” echoed Scott, trying to copy his older brother. (L12)
4. They were still laughing as they began gathering speed, moving at 21 miles per hour. (L33)
5. Staring intently, he was trying to identify the curious shape on the track ahead. (L37)
6. Climbing quickly down a steel ladder, he paused at the bottom, two feet above the roadbed flashing by. (L44)
7. Absorbed in play, Todd and Scott did not hear the train. (L52)
8. Landing on the loose, fist-size stones alongside the track, he had to struggle to keep his balance. (L58)
9. Anthony, throwing his body into space, flew toward them. (L61)
10.As his body crashed downward, Anthony covered Todd while reaching out with one arm to grab Scoot and pull him clear of the track. (L65)
11.Part of train then punched into the back of Anthony’s working jacket, tearing the nylon fabric. (L71)
12.Burying his face in the stones, he pushed downward on the two boys with all his strength as the train passed inches above them. (L73)
13.Kate, only half hearing him, extended her arms to take her baby. (L83)
14.Miraculously, Scott’s injuries were not serious, requiring just 13 stitches. (L93)
問題1:為什么使用分詞?
其實這也是沒有辦法的辦法,因為不這么做,每個動詞都作謂語動詞使用, 那么文章就太啰嗦了。再說如果都變成謂語動詞的話, 還要考慮它們與謂語動詞的關系,要費時費力而且不討好。
問題2:為什么這一課會出現這么多的分詞作狀語的情況?
這么做的原因是為了生動。生動的手段之一就是多使用動詞,把每個細節都交代得很清楚。所謂狀語就是幫助說明情況的,因此,正是因為既要使用動詞又要交代情況、背景、原因、結果,故而會這樣。
問題3:為什么過去分詞少而現在分詞多?
原因在于分詞所服務的目的。大家都知道,現在分詞與其邏輯主語往往形成主謂關系,而過去分詞與其邏輯主語往往形成動賓關系。大家還不難想象,分詞作狀語時一般情況下其邏輯主語往往是句子的主語。本課為避免車禍救人之故事,所以動詞,尤其是非謂語動詞往往側重在句子主語發出的動作,也即非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語之間往往形成主謂關系,所以使用了大量現在分詞,有十三處之多。僅有的一例使用過去分詞的例7也不是側重在動賓關系上,該非謂語動詞的語法作用實際上是表狀態的。
問題4:分詞做狀語時其作用相當于一個狀語從句嗎?
可以說是也可以說不是。首先,它們的作用確實相當于一個狀語從句,而且往往可以改編成一個狀語從句。但是有時我們可以把它們改寫成一個非限制性定語從句更自然些。如,例2 “Okay!” said Todd, giving a thumbs-up gesture he had seen his father make(L10).可以改編為“Okay!” said Todd, who gave a thumbs-up gesture he had seen his father make. 同樣的情況還有例3、例9與例13等。有時我們會感覺到一個作狀語的分詞的作用可能是一個并列句的一個分句。如,例1 But, her two sons, 31/2-year-old Todd and 18-month-old Scott, were nearby, playing on the driveway. (L6) 這句話可以改編為But, her two sons, 31/2-year-old Todd and 18-month-old Scott, were nearby and they were playing on the driveway. 同樣的情況還適用于例2、例4、例7、例8、例12、例13、例14等。
問題5:分詞作狀語時位置很重要嗎?
這主要取決于當時的語言環境。眾所周知,分詞在句首往往作時間、原因、條件狀語,在句尾往往作方式、伴隨、結果狀語,因而一般來說分詞作狀語時位置應該是很重要的。如例4中moving at 21 miles per hour 的位置就不宜發生變化,因為它是結果,它所發生的時間應該是最后的。同樣的道理,例11、例14等也不宜發生改變。但是據筆者看來,分詞作狀語時位置還算是比較靈活的,如例5、例6、例7、例12等均可把分詞移至句子主語之后。如例12 Burying his face in the stones, he pushed downward on the two boys with all his strength as the train passed inches above them. (L73) 可以改變為12. He, burying his face in the stones, pushed downward on the two boys with all his strength as the train passed inches above them. (L73)
問題6:包括分詞短語作狀語的句子的改寫的可能性及效果是什么?
正如以上所言,分詞作狀語是可以改寫的。可以改變為簡單句,可以變為并列句的一個分句,可以變為狀語從句,也有時可變為一個非限制性定語從句,而且甚至在某些情況下,它們在句中的位置還是可變的,但是這些句子在本文中的位置基本是最好不要變的,因為作者還是相當考究的,如例8 Landing on the loose, fist-size stones alongside the track 就不宜移至主語之后,原因在于它與前面的動詞最好相連,這樣才能顯示出問題的急迫性。有一個事情是建議大家做的而且是鼓勵大家做的,那就是見到一個分詞作狀語時,試圖變一變,看看會有什么情況發生。這樣可以提高大家的語言表現力,更能提高大家的語言感知能力。