關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

王　巖

定語(yǔ)從句在句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞或代詞即為先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, whose, that, which等。

關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是表示人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。

1.who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。如：

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是想見(jiàn)你的人嗎？(who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ))

He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天見(jiàn)到的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，可省略)

2.whose用來(lái)指人或物，只用作定語(yǔ)，意為“……的”。定語(yǔ)從句中 whose+名詞=the+名詞+of whom/which=of whom/which+the+名詞。如：

The boy, whose brother is a teacher, is sitting over there.

=The boy, the brother of whom is a teacher, is sitting over there.

那個(gè)男孩坐在那邊，他哥哥是個(gè)教師。

We live in the room, whose window is broken.

=We live in the room, the window of which is broken.

我們住在窗戶(hù)破了的那間房里。

They rushed over to help the man, whose car had broken down.

=They rushed over to help the man, the car of whom had broken down. 那人的車(chē)壞了，大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙。

3.which, that所代替的先行詞是表示事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。如：

And there she saw a wall of water which/that was quickly advancing towards her. 在那里，她看到一堵墻似的洪水迅速地朝她涌來(lái)。(which/that在句中作主語(yǔ))

The story that/which you read is Rescue.

你讀的這個(gè)故事是《拯救》。(which/that在句中作賓語(yǔ)，可省略)

The package(which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.

你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作賓語(yǔ)，可省略)

4.只能用that作定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況

(1))在不定代詞，如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that,不用which。

There is still much that can be done about it.

關(guān)于這件事情還有許多要做。

Have you got anything that belongs to me? 你有沒(méi)有拿過(guò)我的東西？

(2)先行詞有the only， the very修飾時(shí)，只用that。

The only thing that could be done is to find our way home.

唯一能做的事情就是找到回家的路。

Thats the only watch that I like. 這是我唯一喜歡的表。

(3)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用that。

The first step that we are to take is very difficult.

我們要做的第一步是很難的。

This is the best place that Ive ever visited.

這是我曾參觀(guān)過(guò)的最好的地方。

(4)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。

He talked about the men and the books that attracted him.

他談到了吸引他的人和書(shū)。

They talked about the teachers and the schools that they knew.

他們談到了他們熟悉的老師和學(xué)校。

(5)在以which, who開(kāi)頭的句子中常用that。

Who that has seen him does not like him?

見(jiàn)過(guò)他的人誰(shuí)會(huì)不喜歡他呢？

Which is the car that killed the man?

撞死那個(gè)男子的車(chē)是哪一輛？