主從復合句復習要點與針對性練習

復合句包括定語從句、名詞性從句和狀語從句三種。在語法填空題中，從句知識占的比重較大，且以考查基本的知識點為主，近兩年的高考題也有體現，因此不容忽視。本文就這三種從句在語法填空題中的常見考點進行一次梳理。

一、定語從句

定語從句是在復合句中修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句。引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞，有關系代詞和關系副詞兩類。高考中就是考查引導定語從句的關系代詞或關系副詞。

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判斷到底是用關系代詞還是用關系副詞來引導定語從句，就看從句當中是否缺乏主語、賓語、定語或表語，也就是關系詞在從句中是否充當主語、賓語、定語或表語，若是，則選擇關系代詞，否則選用相應的關系副詞。所以，了解從句謂語動詞是及物還是不及物非常重要！ 試對比以下兩句：

This is the reason (which/that) he told me in the meeting. (tell為及物動詞，通常帶雙賓語，從句中缺少tell的間接賓語，因此用關系代詞引導)

This is the reason why he did not come to the meeting. (come為不及物動詞，從句中不缺少主語或賓語，修飾reason用關系副詞why)

[疑難點]

1. 只能用that引導定語從句的情況：

(1)先行詞前有最高級形容詞修飾時；

(2)當先行詞前有the only， the same， the very， the first， the last，no， little， few， much， any， every等修飾時；

(3)當先行詞為表示事物的不定代詞all， little， few， none， anything， everything， nothing等時；

(4)當先行詞同時含有人和物時；

(5)先行詞是there be后面的名詞時；

(6)主句是以疑問詞who， which開頭的疑問句時。

2. 只能用which或who或whom而不用that的情況：

(1)引導非限制性定語從句時；

(2)由“介詞+關系代詞”引導定語從句，且關系代詞直接在介詞后時，只能用which指物，用whom指人。

3. 關系副詞有時可以用“介詞+which”來替代，這種情況應當是非常明確用哪個介詞時才可使用，否則，在語法填空題中首選填1個關系副詞而不填“介詞+which”。

介詞的確定應從兩個方面來考慮：如果介詞是從句中被提前置于關系代詞前的，那么要依據定語從句中短語的習慣性搭配；另一種情況是受先行詞的制約，即介詞和先行詞的搭配，例如：He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即through the telescope)

4. whose的用法：從句中缺乏定語時，無論先行詞是人或物，都用whose取代，分別等同于of which 或of whom。

5. 關系代詞as引導的兩類定語從句。

(1)引導限制性定語從句：先行詞有the same、such或者so修飾時，關系代詞首選as。如：This is the same book as you bought yesterday.（表達同一類）

(2)引導非限制性定語從句：表 “正如”，可放在句首，先行詞通常是逗號后的整句話，常見搭配有as can be seen，as we all know，as is reported，as is often the case，as you can see，as is known to all，as has been pointed out，as will be shown in...，as has been said above等。

6. 幾個特殊點：

(1)...way in which/ that/省略

(2)The days are gone when.../Gone are the days when...

(3)situation后常用where或in which引導定語從句：Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word?

(4)occasion后則常用when或on which引導定語從句。

二、名詞性從句

名詞性從句有四類：賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。下面幾點是名詞性從句在語法填空題中要加以注意的：

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名詞性從句中賓語從句、主語從句和表語從句都屬于句子的主干結構，也就是從句若被刪除，主句的主干將不完整；而同位語從句是對前面抽象名詞的具體內容的說明。

[疑難點]

1. whether和if都可以引導賓語從句表達“是否”之意，但以下幾種名詞性從句要用whether引導，不用if。

(1)引導主語從句，且在句首時。例：Whether he has won the tennis is not known.(但It is not known whether/if he has won the tennis)

(2)引導表語從句時。例The problem is whether he can get a job.

(3)引導同位語從句時。例：I have no idea whether he will come.

(4)在discuss后或介詞后引導賓語從句。

2. 位于句首引導主語從句的that不可忘。用于引導表語從句和同位語從句的that通常也不能省略。而兩個以上的賓語從句并列時，若第二個（或以上）賓語從句需要用that引導時，that不可省略。

3. that， what用法比較：引導名詞性從句的that是連詞，在從句中沒有任何意思，也不作任何句子成分，也就是說，當從句的結構和意義完整時才用that；而what是連接代詞，相當于the thing(s) that，在從句中作主語、賓語或表語，也就是說，當從句中缺少主語、賓語或表語時，才會選what。

4. “The reason why...is that...”句式中that不要誤用because。

5. 若句中出現形式主語或形式賓語it，那么后面的從句應為真實主語從句或賓語從句。

三、狀語從句

引導狀語從句的關聯詞是從屬連詞。狀語從句用陳述句語序，一般位于復合句的句首或句末。當從句在句首時，從句后常用逗號和主句相隔；狀語從句根據其在句中的不同作用分別表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、比較、讓步或行為方式等八種。

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根據分句與主句的邏輯關系和意思，選擇合適的從句引導詞，如地點狀語從句通常由where， wherever 引導；時間狀語從句通常由when，while，as，until， after， before等引導；方式狀語從句通常由as， （just） as...so...， as if， as though引導；原因狀語從句通常由because， since， as引導；目的狀語的從句可以由that， so that， in order that， lest， for fear that， in case等詞引導；結果狀語從句常由so...that 或 such...that引導；條件狀語從句主要由if， unless， as/so long as， on condition that等引導；比較狀語從句通常由as，than等引導；讓步狀語從句通常由though， although， even if， even though， as， whoever， whatever， however， no matter＋what /who /when ...等引導。

但語法填空題由于題型的限制和空格的設置所限，考查的通常是比較基本的引導詞，且一般為一個單詞的連詞。

[疑難點]

1. 考生不要忽略由兩個以上的詞構成的從屬連詞，如as if/though， even if等。

2. 連詞的選擇必須在充分理解上下文的基礎上理清前后句的邏輯關系后，才能作出正確選擇，否則會出現多種答案好像都可以解釋的情況。因此，理解語篇對填入正確的連詞非常重要。

3. 以unless，as if，until，since（時間）等引導的從句是難點。

4. 注意一些固定的搭配。如：(1)no sooner...than... (2)hardly...when... (3)be about to do...when...等。

即時練習

一、單句填空填入適當的連詞完成下列句子，每一空格可填一個或者多個單詞。

1. ____ he does has nothing to do with me.

2. Energy is ____ makes thing work.

3. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.

4. This site is ___ the Shenzhen V Spaceship landed.

5. The question came up at the meeting ____ we had enough money for our research.

6. It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning gray.

7. ____ he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.

8. ____ all the inventions have in common is ____ they have succeeded.

9. If you know ___ it was that wrote A Tale of Two Cities， raise your hand.

10. I think， though I could be mistaken， __ he liked me.

11. It has not been decided ___ they will leave for New York.

12. His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.

13. She heard a terrible noise， _______ brought her heart into her mouth.

14. In the dark street， there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help.

15. The weather turned out to be very good， ____ was more than we could expect.

16. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.

17. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play， ________， of course， made the others unhappy.

18. _____ has already been pointed out，grammar is not a set of dead rules.

19. He lived in London for 3 months， during ____ time he learned some English.

20. Whenever I met him， ____ was fairly often， I like his sweet and hopeful smile.

21. The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands the famous tower.

22. I don’t like the way _____ you speak to her.

23. Tom ate more food _______ was good for his health.

24. ______ is reported in the newspapers， talks between the two countries are making progress.

25. I work in a business______almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.

26. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year， 80%______are sold abroad.

27. There was a time______I hated to go to school.

28. George Orwell， _______ real name was Eric Arthur， wrote many political novels and essays.

29. Go and get your coat. It’s _____you left it.

30. Mother will wait for him to have dinner together， late he is.

31. Why do you want a new job _____you’ve got such a good one already?

32. —I’m going to the post office.

—__________you’re there，can you get me some stamps?

33. __________you’ve got a chance. You might as well make full use of it.

34. You should make it a rule to leave things__________you can find them again.

35.______ I get to Pairs; I’ll call you up at the airport.

36.______ the headmaster comes， we won’t discuss this plan.

37. I had been to Beijing long __________ you visited it.

38. Don’t be discouraged __________ you have fallen behind others.

39. We can get there on time __________ the car doesn’t break down.

40. It wasn’t long __________he joined the job.

41. Hardly had the bell rung __________ the students took their seats.

42. ________we have come， let’s stay and enjoy it.

43. You’d better do __________ you are required.

44. So fast did he speak__________none of us could follow him.

45. I’ll start early，__________it may be dark.

46. The baby didn’t fall asleep __________ the mother left the room.

47. ______ the day went on， the weather got worse.

48. He can’t have gone out， __________ the light is still on.

49. I was walking along the river __________ I heard a cry for help.

50. We shouldn’t do that dangerous experiment the teacher is with us.

51. Will you go __________ our motherland needs us most after graduation?

52. I am sure I’ll meet kind－hearted men ____I go.

二、語篇填空用適當的詞補全下面這則短文，每一空格可填寫一個或者多個單詞。

Gandhi was honored as the father of the Indian nation. He has been respected and beloved by the Indians with the belief1he is an Indian national hero.

He was born in India in 1869.2is recorded， he got married at the age of 13， following the local custom. In 1888 he sailed to England，3he studied law for three years and became a lawyer.4his return to India， he was sent to South Africa to work on a law case.

In South Africa he was surprised to find5the problem of racial discrimination was serious. There he formed an organization and this was6he started to fight for equal rights.

Gandhi returned to India in 1915，7India was controlled by the British. He led the Indians to fight for an end to the British rule and independence for his country.8in the political movement many Indians including Gandhi were put in prison and it was still not sure 9they could gain independence， the struggles never stopped. The British government had to give in and India won its independence in 1947. Unfortunately Gandhi was shot by an Indian10opposed his views and died on January 30th， 1948.

參考答案：

一、1. Whatever2. What3. that4. where5. whether6. that7. That8. What; that9. who10. that11. when12. whose

13. which14.to whom15. which

16. where17. which18. As

19. which 20. which21. where

22. that/ in which/不填23. than

24. As25. where26. of which

27. when28. whose29. where

30. however31. when 32. While

33. Now that/ Since 34. where

35. Once/ As soon as36. Unless

37. before38.even if39. as long as

40. before41.when

42. Since/ Now that43. as

44. that 45. though/although

46. until47. As48. for

49. when50. unless51. where

52. wherever

二、1. that2. As3. where

4. On5. that 6. how

7. when 8. Although/Though

9. whether10. who

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