閱讀理解中主旨大意題干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)

任何一段獨(dú)立完整的材料都會(huì)有其主旨大意。有時(shí)從開頭就可以看出作者希望讀者通過閱讀本材料了解些什么；有時(shí)則需要從文章的字里行間中推斷出來(lái)。這類試題主要考查考生領(lǐng)會(huì)文章大意和歸納、概括的能力。它可以是測(cè)試整篇文章的大意，也可以測(cè)試某一個(gè)段落的大意。

高考閱讀理解中的主旨大意題包括主題（topic、subject、main idea、general idea）型和標(biāo)題（title）型兩類。

在做主題型試題時(shí)，可先尋找主題句。一般情況下，主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或結(jié)尾。但有時(shí)也可能不會(huì)出現(xiàn)主題句，需要讀者自己概括或歸納。

在確定文章標(biāo)題(title)的時(shí)候，我們要以文章的主旨大意為依托。但應(yīng)注意的是，主旨大意不完全等同于標(biāo)題。主旨大意較為詳細(xì)地陳述文章的內(nèi)容，而文章的標(biāo)題在通常情況下較為簡(jiǎn)明，而且一般是名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)。

本文著重探討主旨大意題干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)。

我們了解干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)，有助于迅速、果斷地排除這些干擾項(xiàng)，從而確定正確的答案。一般說來(lái)，干擾項(xiàng)具有如下五個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

1. 以偏概全。干擾項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，也就是文章的局部信息。

2. 斷章取義。干擾項(xiàng)常常以文章中的個(gè)別信息或個(gè)別字眼作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或者以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。

3. 主題擴(kuò)大。干擾項(xiàng)所歸納、概括的范圍過大，超過文章實(shí)際所討論的內(nèi)容。

4. 張冠李戴。命題者有意地把屬于A的特征放在B的身上，構(gòu)成一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)。考生不注意的情況下，會(huì)造成錯(cuò)選答案。

5. 無(wú)中生有，似是而非。有的干擾項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)好像在文章中談到了，但認(rèn)真分析之后你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這類干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無(wú)聯(lián)系。

實(shí)例分析1：

Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t love others until you love yourself. Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t expect someone else to love you until you love yourself. Either way， you’ve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that we’re the apple of our parents’ eyes， and that our Grandmas think we’re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics， but sometimes it’s a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge， it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.

Self-image is your own mind’s picture of yourself. This image includes the way you look， the way you act， the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly， our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us. Unfortunately， most of these images are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.

The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. That is， make a list if you need to， but write down all of the great things you do every day. Don’t allow doubts to occur in it.

It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you can’t move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. Well， roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task. If you think you’re silly because you aren’t good at math， find a tutor. If you think you’re weak because you can’t run a mile， get to the track and practice. If you think you’re dull because you don’t wear the latest trends， buy a few new clothes. But remember， just because you think it doesn’t mean it’s true.

The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective， and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities. Changing the way you think and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image. When you can pat (拍) yourself on the back， you’ll know you’re well on your way. Good luck!（2008年廣東卷閱讀理解B篇）

49. What is the passage mainly about?

A. How to prepare for your success.

B. How to face challenges in your life.

C. How to build a positive self-image.

D. How to develop your good qualities.

[選項(xiàng)分析]

這是一篇議論文，主要探討了如何樹立積極的自我形象。縱觀全文，我們可以看出，本文呈現(xiàn)的形式是“提出問題—分析問題—解決問題”。第一段是引子，導(dǎo)入話題，說明要樹立積極的自我形象；第二段作者通過闡述了自我形象的定義，說明了自我形象所具有的一些特征——大多數(shù)人的自我形象都比實(shí)際情況要消極得多，從而引出文章的中心論點(diǎn)：要樹立自我形象就要改變自我看法。而最后的三段（第3、4、5自然段）講的是如何避免消極的自我形象，作者在這三個(gè)自然段當(dāng)中分別提到了三種方法。這三種方法都說明如何避免消極的自我形象。作者這樣寫作的目的，也就是從反面說明如何建立積極的自我形象。這種寫作手法就是議論文當(dāng)中的“反證法”。

現(xiàn)在，我們來(lái)分析各選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：

選項(xiàng)A是無(wú)中生有。因?yàn)楸疚母揪蜎]有涉及到“成功”方面的內(nèi)容。

選項(xiàng)B是斷章取義。命題者利用首段中最后一句中的challenge一詞作為命題的依據(jù)，來(lái)設(shè)置干擾項(xiàng)。實(shí)際上，本文根本就沒有提及任何與“挑戰(zhàn)”有關(guān)的內(nèi)容。

選項(xiàng)D是以偏概全。本文談到了如何建立積極的自我形象。積極的自我形象只是良好的素質(zhì)之一。因此，這個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)是以偏概全。

本題的正確答案是C。

實(shí)例分析2：

Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines， say UK researchers.

Their study found that theobromine， found in cocoa， was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine， which was considered the best cough medicine at present.

The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment. “While coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life， and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，” said Professor Peter Barnes.

Ten healthy volunteers(志愿者) were given theobromine， codeine or placebo， a pill that contains no medicine， during the experiment. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill. The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin， which is used in research to cause coughing and as a sign of how well the medicine are stopping coughs.

The team found that， when the volunteers were given theobromine， the capsaicin need to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they need only slightly higher levers of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.

The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a verve activity(神經(jīng)活動(dòng))， which cause coughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments， theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness.（2008年全國(guó)卷閱讀理解D篇）

56. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. Codeine: A New Medicine

B. Chocolate May Cure Coughs

C. Cough Treatment: A Hard Case

D. Theobromine Can Cause Coughs

[選項(xiàng)分析]

本文是一篇議論文。文章的首句就是全文的主題句。本文的主題就是巧克力可以用來(lái)治療咳嗽，因?yàn)榍煽肆χ泻斜萩odeine療效更好的theobromine。后面的內(nèi)容就是通過一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)證明這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。因此，本題的答案應(yīng)選B。

其他各干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)如下：

A項(xiàng)：張冠李戴。根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容我們可以知道，theobromine是一種剛剛從cocoa中發(fā)現(xiàn)的成份，這種成份治療咳嗽的效果比codeine更好。而cocoa則是制作巧克力的主要原料。因此，codeine早就用于醫(yī)藥上了，根本不是一種新藥。

C項(xiàng)：以偏概全。本文談到了咳嗽的治療，但這并不是文章的主要內(nèi)容。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置是典型的以偏概全的方式。

D項(xiàng)：無(wú)中生有。在本文中，文章談到了theobromine可以用來(lái)治療咳嗽，而不是導(dǎo)致咳嗽。因此，此項(xiàng)是比較容易排除的一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)。

通過對(duì)干擾項(xiàng)的探討，我們意識(shí)到，在做主旨大意題的時(shí)候，既可以從選擇正確答案入手，也可以采用排除法，排除干擾項(xiàng)，從而確定問題的正確答案。

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