英語句子結構分析

了解英語句子的成分，掌握英語句子的結構，是英語閱讀和寫作的必備基礎，不但有助于正確理解英語句子的意思，而且也是寫出正確英語句子的前提。本文分九組對英語句子結構作了全面的剖析。

以下是兩個有趣的句子，你能分析其句子成分并理解其大意嗎？

1. I saw a saw saw a saw.

2. I don’t think that that that that that student pronounced is correct.

分析與理解：

1. I saw a saw saw a saw. (saw n. v. 鋸)

分析：I是主語，第一個saw是see的過去式，作謂語；第二個saw是名詞，a saw的意思是“一把鋸子”，在句中作賓語；第三個saw是動詞，意為“鋸”，此處是省略了to的不定式，作賓補；第四個saw同第二個saw一樣是名詞，作第三個saw的賓語。

句意：我曾看到一把鋸子鋸另一把鋸子。

2. I don’t think that that that that that student pronounced is correct.

分析：I don’t think that(引導賓語從句)...是主句；that (第2個，指示代詞，修飾第3個) that is correct是賓語從句；that (第4個，引導定語從句，并在從句中作賓語) that(第5個，指示代詞作定語) student pronounced是定語從句。

句意：我認為那個學生所發的那個音是不正確的。

正確分析句子結構是正確理解句子意思的前提，掌握句子結構也是英語寫作的必備條件。因此，我們有必要溫習英語的句子成分，掌握句子結構。

一、句子成分的名稱

1. subject主語2. predicate 謂語 3. object 賓語6. attribute定語7. adverbial狀語5. object complement賓補3. predicative表語8. appositive同位語9. parenthesis插入語

二、句子成分的劃分

請看下面的九組句子：

Group one

1. Mr. Spun is our English teacher.

2. He seems to know everything.

3. His hair turned gray.

分析：本組句子都是“主＋系＋表”結構（ S + link v. + P ）。英語中常見的系動詞有（1）表狀態的be；（2）表“看(聽/聞/摸)起來”的look， seem， appear， sound， smell， feel等；（３）表示變化的become， turn， get， fall， go等；（４）表示保持的keep， stay， remain等。在系動詞后作表語的主要是形容詞，名詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞，以及少數副詞等也可作表語。

Group two

1. Mr. Spun swims every summer.

2. Mr. Spun can swim across the river.

3. Mr. Spun can swim and swims every summer.

分析：本組句子都是“主＋謂”結構( S + vi. )。其中第1句是簡單謂語，第2句是復合謂語， 第3句是并列謂語。

Group three

1. I’v just got a copy of this book.

2. Do you want to read this book?

3. I’ll finish reading the book overnight.

4. We often talk about good books.

5. I think this book is well worth reading.

分析：本組句子都是“主＋謂＋賓”結構( S + vt. + O )。英語中的及物動詞（vt.）和介詞后通常要接賓語，不及物動詞（vi.）不可直接帶賓語；充當賓語的常有名詞、代詞（賓格）、不定式、動名詞和賓語從句。

Group four

1. We call him Mr. Spun.

2. We would like him to teach us.

3. He makes his lessons lively and interesting.

4. We think it our duty to serve in the army.

5. The situation makes it necessary that our product should be improved.

分析：本組句子都是“主＋謂+復合賓語(賓語+賓補)”結構。賓補用于補充說明賓語干什么、是什么、怎么樣，故賓語和賓補有邏輯上的主謂或主表關系；充當賓補的主要是形容詞，名詞、介詞短語、不定式、分詞，以及少數副詞也可作補語。

注意，當不定式或從句作賓語，又需接補語時，要用it放在賓語的位置作形式賓語，將作賓語的不定式或從句移到補語的后面，如本組的第4句和第5句。

Group five

1. Mr. Spun teaches us English.

2. Today he gave me some good advice on English study and I bought him a gift.

分析：本組句子都是“主＋謂+雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語)”。表示人的間接賓語通常放在表示物的直接賓語的前面，若要將間接賓語放到直接賓語的后面，需要加介詞to 或for，如本組第2句可改寫為：

Today he gave some good advice on English study to me and I bought a gift for him.

Group six

1. Yesterday I got Mr. Spun a gift in a shop.

2. I went to a shop to buy him a gift.

3. Mr. Spun appeared very happy when he received the gift.

4. Receiving the gift， Mr. Spun was very happy

分析：句中劃線部分為附加成分——狀語。狀語修飾動詞時，通常是說明動作發生的時間、地點、目的、原因或方式等；狀語也可以修飾形容詞或副詞，表示程度，如very busy /well。作狀語的通常有副詞、介詞短語、不定式、分詞以及狀語從句等。

Group seven

1. This is a nice gift.

2. This is a gift as good as that one.

3. The gift in this shop are all very good.

4. The gift which I bought for Mr. Spun was a nice one.

分析：句中劃線部分為附加成分——定語。定語是修飾名詞，說明其狀態、特征或屬性等；作定語的常有形容詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞以及定語從句。單個單詞作定語，通常前置， 短語或從句作定語，通常后置。

Group eight

1. Mr.Spun， our English teacher， often plays with us students.

2. He often says he feels at home here in China.

3. I have a hope that we’ll have a chance to go to Spun’s country for a visit.

分析：句中劃線部分為附加成分——同位語。同位語用于對其前面的名詞、代詞或地點副詞等作附加說明，它們屬于等同的關系；充當同位語的一般為名詞、介詞短語或同位語從句。

Group nine

1. Xiao Ming is not so clever; however， he works very hard.

2. Hopefully， all these waste materials will be properly treated.

3. To our great joy， she has won the first prize in the contest.

4. He is not quite good at computer， I think.

分析：句中劃線部分為附加成分——插入語。插入語在英語句中僅僅增加某種語氣，是一個不太重要的成分，故在句中與其它成分間常有逗號隔開；插入語常位于句首，句中或句尾。

下面是根據以上九組句子組成的一個完整的短文，建議同學們在正確理解其句子結構及其意思的基礎上背誦下來：

The young man is Mr. Spun from Australia. He works hard at Chinese here. And he has got a spare- time job as an English teacher. We all call him Mr. Spun. Mr. Spun teaches us oral English who could make his class lively and interesting. Yesterday I went to a shop to buy him a gift. And Spun was pleased with the nice gift for him. You can imagine that Mr. Spun， our English teacher， often plays with us students. And， hopefully， we’ll have a chance to go to Mr. Spun’s country for a visit.

三、即時練習

請劃分下列各句的句子成分:

1. You should study hard.

2. The teacher got very angry.

3. Last night I wrote a letter.

4. Mrs. White looks after my children.

5. The boy told me his story.

6. We made Li Hua our monitor.

7. The sun keeps us warm.

8. I told him to open the window.

9. We watched the train leaving the station.

10. I think it difficult to finish the work.

11. We all think that the TV is worth seeing.

12. To our surprise， they arrived safe.

13. The fact is very clear that our team will win the game.

14. I wonder where he came from.

15. After graduation， she will work where she came from.

16. He will work on the farm where he came from.

答案：

1. You should study hard.

主 謂狀

2. The teacher got very angry.

主系 表

3. Last night I wrote a letter.

狀主謂 賓

4. Mrs. White looks after my children.

主 謂賓

5. The boy told me his story.

主 謂雙賓語

6. We made Li Hua our monitor.

主 謂 賓賓補

7. The sun keeps us warm.

主 謂 賓賓補

8. I told him to open the window.

主謂賓 賓補

9. We watched the train leaving the station.

主謂賓 賓補

10. I think it difficult to finish the work.

主謂（形）賓 賓補 （真）賓

11. We all think that the TV is worth seeing.

主同謂賓語從句

12. To our surprise， they arrived so soon.

插入語主 謂狀

13. The fact is very clear that our team will win the game. 主系 表 同位語從句

14. I wonder where he came from.

主謂 賓語從句

15. After graduation， she will work where she came from. 狀 主 謂 地點狀語從句

16. He will work on the farm where he came from.

主 謂狀 定語從句

責任編校蔣小青

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