摘 要:學生中普遍存在對英語逗號誤用、濫用以及因誤用而引起的歧義現象,為培養學生正確使用逗號的意識,文章歸納出逗號易誤用與產生歧義的常見情況,并選取具有代表性的逗號誤用的例子加以闡述,以期能夠幫助學生在寫作、翻譯中正確使用逗號。
關鍵詞:英語教學 英文逗號 誤用 歧義
根據筆者多年的教學經驗,不少學生在英語學習中對英文標點符號,尤其是逗號的正確使用,無法引起足夠的重視,通常是一“逗”到底,除非使用標志明確的嘆號、引號、問號等。其實,小逗號,大作用。它對我們無論是在閱讀中準確理解句子結構還是翻譯、寫作中把自己想要表達的意思準確地傳達給他人,都有著十分重要的作用。逗號在英語中使用頻率最高,而且要遵循一定的規則,否則會出現逗號誤用、濫用以及因誤用而引起的歧義現象。
一、逗號誤用面面觀
(一)并列結構中
1.逗號拼接(Comma Splice)[1]P193是當前英語寫作中的一種常見錯誤。意思是把本該使用句號或分號兩個句子分開,卻用了逗號,而且無任何連詞。即逗號一般情況下不能用于連接兩個獨立分句??捎孟铝蟹椒ū苊舛禾柶唇拥腻e誤。
The chairman rapped on the table, the audience quieted down. (誤)
The chairman rapped on the table, and the audience quieted down. (正)
The chairman rapped on the table; the audience quieted down. (正) (注:此時分號的作用就相當于逗號加上表示前后兩句之間關系的相應連詞)
The chairman rapped on the table. The audience quieted down. (正)
2. 當兩個或多個語義密切相關、簡短且平行的并列分句連用時,可直接使用逗號,不用連詞。逗號的這一用法違背了以上原則,是個例外,常見于文學作品中[2]P429。
A memoir is history, it is based on evidence. (E. M. Forster)
We worked, we swam, we read, we slept, and we saw the summer pass by quickly.
I must, I will, I can.
3. 逗號用于列舉三個或三個以上并列成分時,在最后一個并列成分前應用and連接,但and前的逗號可以有,也可以無。從當代英語來看,and前用與不用逗號都是常見的[1]P194。
The air was clean, fresh and sweet. (a, b and c)
The air was clean, fresh, and sweet. (a, b, and c)
The air was clean and fresh and sweet. (a and b and c)
(二)狀語結構中
1.句中when有時相當于and then,具有并列連詞的功能,此時when前應有逗號。
We were about to start when it began to rain. (不妥)
We were about to start, when it began to rain. (正確)
2. 從句先于主句,從主句之間加逗號,相反,習慣上不加逗號。但也有例外,如果強調從句句意,即便從句置后,主從句之間也要加逗號。
I nearly collapsed, when I got to the top of the mountain.
You’ll be unable to finish the work in time, if you don’t start at once.
3. 在以for example, moreover, for instance, furthermore, nevertheless, otherwise, that is, besides, therefore, also, accordingly, however, hence, still, consequently, instead, thus 等副詞或詞組連接的獨立分句之間要用分號[4]P861。
Electronics is changing the habits of many people, for example, television viewing is becoming popular throughout the world.(誤)
Electronics is changing the habits of many people;for example, television viewing is becoming popular throughout the world.
4. 在短而簡單的介詞短語引出的句子之后,介詞短語后很少使用逗號,除非產生歧義。
由于受正規英語結構的束縛,我們習慣將狀語置后。其實,英語中以狀語開頭的句子俯拾皆是,而且自然通順,不影響理解。
At 10 o’clock the bus arrived. (不必寫成At 10 o’clock, the bus arrived)
At 90 she was still alive.
On hearing the big noise I knew something terrible had happened.
In the corner of the room they found the injured cat.
(三)插入結構中
1. 插入語一般要用逗號同其他句子成分隔開。
There are people I am sure who will say that the water is too cold. (誤)
There are people, I am sure, who will say that the water is too cold. (正)
2. 短語式同位語作插入語時一般要用逗號同其他句子成分隔開。
Maxine Rowe an expert who studies weddings says that there are a lot of rituals and superstitions at weddings. (誤)
Maxine Rowe, an expert who studies weddings, says that there are a lot of rituals and superstitions at weddings. (正)
3. 在as...as, if not adj-er than結構中[4]P248
有時,為了表達的需要,同一句中可能同時使用原級和比較級兩種形式。這時,逗號的使用不能破壞比較結構的完整性。
In his time he enjoyed a reputation greater, if not as great as, than Mozart’s.(誤)
In his time he enjoyed a reputation, as great, if not greater, as Mozart’s.(誤)
In his time he enjoyed a great reputation as great as, if not greater than, Mozart’s.(正)(注:該結構總是原級先于比較結構)
(四)直接引語中
1. he said之類的用語位于兩個獨立分句之間,那么在he said 之后應用句號或分號[5]P53。第一個引語內最后使用逗號,第二引語首字母大寫。
“Try this book,” he said; “I think you will like it.”
“And you must report everything to him,” said Holmes. “He will tell you how to act.”
2. 逗號放在被切斷了的直接引語前一部分之后,即第一個引語內最后用逗號,且he said之類的用語之后亦用逗號。
“If you go to China,” he said, “you should first of all see the Great Wall.”
“I wonder,” said John, “whether I can borrow your bike.”
3. 直接引語放在句首,則引號中句尾須用逗號,而不是句號。因為全句到此并未結束,盡管該句已經結束[5]P53。
“You did your homework yourself,” the teacher said.
“Color TV sets are very popular in our village,” she remarked.
“I can hardly hear the radio,” said my brother. “Could you turn it up?”
二、逗號歧義大“盤點”
(一) 有時句意受到標點符號的直接影響,用不用標點大不相同。比較下列各組句子[4]P261。
A pretty young girl(相當年輕的姑娘)
A pretty, young girl(年輕漂亮的姑娘)
Henry, my brother is waiting for you outside.我弟弟在外面等著你呢。(Henry為呼語,同you為一人)
Henry, my brother,is waiting for you outside.我弟弟亨利正在外面等著你。(Henry和my brother為同位語,是同一人,you為另一人)
He left his sweetheart feeling very lonely.他使他的情人感到非常孤獨。(left為使役動詞, feeling為賓語補足語)
He left, his sweetheart feeling very lonely.他離去了,他的情人感到非常孤獨。(his sweetheart...為獨立主格結構)
He left his sweetheart, feeling very lonely.他離開了他的情人,感到非常孤獨。(feeling為分詞短語,修飾主語he表示伴隨狀況)
There is too much work to do.工作多得做不完。
There is, too, much work to do.還有很多工作要做。
(二) 限制性定語從句通常緊接先行詞,主從句之間一般沒有逗號;非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間常有逗號隔開。兩者的深層含義不盡相同。
They have two children who are still at schoo1. 他們有兩個都還在上學的孩子。(他們可能不只有兩個孩子)
They have two children, who are still at scho1. 他們有兩個孩子,都還在上學。(他們只有兩個孩子)
(三)為使句意表達清楚,有時必須使用逗號,不然句子結構顯得怪異,甚至產生歧義。
The question is, is the room large enough to hold so many people?
That she knew where the money was, was news to me.
Outside, the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of branches.外面的草坪到處都是樹枝。(如果outside后去掉逗號,那意思就變為“在草坪的外面到處都是樹枝?!?
從以上英語逗號中易誤用的實例中不難看出,英語逗號的使用有一定的規則。由于受漢語母語的干擾,中國學生用英文寫作、翻譯時,往往不能正確理解和使用英語逗號,輕則誤用、濫用,重則造成歧義,影響交際。希望通過對逗號誤用實例的分析,能加深其在學生頭腦中的印象,達到正確使用逗號的目的。當然,逗號的變化多樣性遠非文章所能窮盡,但若在平時訓練中能夠有意識地注意逗號的用法,無疑會使你的文章錦上添花。
參考文獻:
[1]王玉龍.英語修辭與寫作[M].青島:青島出版社,1996.
[2]丁往道,吳冰.英語寫作手冊(修訂本)[M].北京:外語教學與研究出版社,1994.
[3]李經緯.英語標點符號用法指南[M].北京:金盾出版社,2004.
[4]徐廣聯.大學英語語法(修訂本)[M].華東理工大學出版社,1998.
[5]陳潔.小逗號,大學問[J].大學英語,2006,(2).