我們在閱讀英文書刊、文章時,常常會碰到一些形式和意義無法統一的語言現象,本文試就這些現象歸納如下。
一、形肯意否現象
1.動詞
英語句子里如果有fail,lack,cease,ignore,miss,prevent...from,keep...from,keep off等動詞或詞組,則肯定形式表達否定意義。例如:
1)We waited half an hour,but the bus failed to arrive.我們等了半個小時,但公共汽車卻沒有來。
2)He lacks care in his work;it’s never well-done.他工作不太認真,從來沒做好。
3)They’re trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children in fact prevents children from learning soon.他們正在試圖查明,在我們教孩子們學習語言的方法中是不是有什么東西實際上卻讓他們無法學得更快。
2.副詞
在句中能表達否定意義的副詞有too...to,hardly,scarcely,barely等。
1)For example,soon after I arrived there was a grass fire in a nearby village.我剛到不久,附近一個村子里的莊稼就遭了一場大火。
2)Your price is too high to be accepted.貴方的價格太高,不能接受。
3.介詞或介詞詞組
如:
1)I’m in the dark about it.對此,我一無所知。
2)The old bridge is anything but safe.那座舊橋一點也不安全。
此外還有:beyond doubt(毫無疑問),beyond one’s reach(夠不著),beyond comparison(不可比擬),out of control(控制不住),out of place(不合適宜)等。
4.連詞
如:
1)He cut in before I finished my remarks.我還沒來得及說完,他便打斷了我的話。
2)I felt especially pleased with my wonderful bargain until I got back to the ship.
我對這樁出色的買賣特別高興,可是回到船上這股高興勁就沒有了。
5.隱性否定意義
1)I used to go to work by bike.(It implies that I don’t go to work by bike now.)
2)You could have made a more detailed plan.(It implies that you didn’t make a more detailed plan actually.)
3)He ought to have seen a doctor about his headache a week ago.(It implies that he didn’t see a doctor a week ago.)
二、形否意肯現象
1.If+否定句
1)If that isn’t what I want!我想要的正是這個。
2)Well,if I haven’t left my key at home!真倒霉,我竟然把鑰匙丟在家里。
2.否定感嘆句或修辭問句
1)Aren’t you fortunate!你好幸運!
2)Don’t you know that air,food and water are dispensable to life?你當然知道空氣、食物和水對生命是必不可少的。
3.nothing if not
此結構常用來表“極其,非常”之意。例如:
1)He was nothing if not stubborn.他這個人非常頑固。
2)The young man was nothing if not sophisticated.這年輕人夠老練的了。
4.can’t+do/be+too/over+a./ad./p.p.
這是表達強烈的肯定語氣的否定結構,意為“越……越好”;“……總嫌不過分”。其中can后面也可以用其他否定詞,如hardly,scarcely,never等來代替not。例如:
1)I can’t thank you so much.我真是太感謝你了。
2)You cannot begin to learn English too early.你學英語開始得越早越好。
3)The value of this book cannot be overestimated. 這本書的價值無論估計得多高也不過分。
5.no less than
表示“不是別人,就是……本人”;“和……一樣”。
1)It was no less person than John.那正是約翰本人。
2)She has no less than $1000 in her pocket.她口袋里竟有一千美元之多。
3)He is no less active than he used to be.他和以前一樣活躍。
6.某些含never,no,nothing,none等的句子
1)His speech leaves no room to be desired.他的演講棒極了。
2)The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him in tribulation.在苦難中,重返故國的念頭始終伴著他。
3)We are no closer to the truth.我們離真理仍很遙遠。
4)I can’t really afford it,but I want to buy it none the less.我確實買不起,可是我還是想把它買下。
三、形主動意被動
1.有些動詞如require,need,want,deserve,stand(bear)等常接動名詞主動形式表被動意義,如:
1)The teaching plan requires further discussing(=to be discussed).
2)The floor needs cleaning(=to be cleaned).
另:形容詞worth+doing也表被動意義。如:
The experiment was worth trying in order to find a better solution to the problem.
2.adj.+to do結構,這類形容詞有impossible, easy, hard, difficult, interesting, comfortable, convenient, dangerous, simple, pleasant, awkward等。結構中to do是主動形式表被動意義。例如:
1)Fusion operation is difficult to bring about.聚變難于產生。
2)We also mean all the things too far away to see.我們也指那些太遙遠而看不見的東西。
四、形復數意單數
1.一些表“學科”的單詞,常以復數形式表單數意義。如:linguistics,mathematics,electronics,mechanics,physics,plastics,politics,statistics,informatics等。
1)Linguistics has developed rapidly in modern times.語言在現代已經迅速地發展起來了。
2)Physics was the only course she failed in.她僅有物理不及格。
3)Is statistics really a science?統計學真的是一門學科嗎?
2.一些游戲名稱,如billiards, bowls,dominoes,draughts,fives等表單數意義。
1)Billiards is Mr.Fox’s favorite recreation.臺球戲是福克斯最喜歡的娛樂活動。
2)Bowls fills a vacancy in US sports. It can be played by persons of middle age or past.滾球填補了美國運動項目的一項空白。這是一項中老年人都可以參加的運動。
3)In some parts of the British Isles,dominoes is the principal game.在英倫島的一些地方,多米諾骨牌是一項主要游戲活動。
3.一些疾病名稱,如measles, mumps, rickets, diabetes, arthritis, phlebitis等表單數意義。
1)Mumps is an unpleasant ailment.流行性腮腺炎是一種討厭的病痛。
2)Generally measles occurs in children.麻疹一般出現在小孩子身上。
3)Diabetes is a common disease for the middle-aged and the aged.糖尿病是中老年人的一種常見病。
4.一些專有名稱,如the United States,the United Nations,the Netherlands等。
1)The United States says airlines have to be armed.美國聲稱所有航線要加強警戒。
2)The New York Times is published daily.《紐約時報》每日發行。
五、形單數意復數
many a+單數名詞;more than one+單數名詞常表復數意義。
1)Many a comrade has(Many comrades have)given his life for the people.
2)More than one man is(A lot of people are)going to visit the school.
參考文獻:
[1]章振邦主編.新編英語語法.上海譯文出版社,1981.
[2]董亞芬主編.大學英語(1—4冊).上海外語教育出版社,1999.
[3]陸國強編著.現代英語表達與理解.上海譯文出版社,1984.
[4]朗文英漢雙解詞典.外語教學與研究出版社,1998.