英語中的被動語態

什么是被動語態？如果主語是動作的承受者，那么主語和謂語之間就是被動關系，即被動語態。

一、 動詞被動語態的基本結構是：be + P.P(P.P為past participle的縮寫形式，即動詞的過去分詞)

1. 一般現在時的被動語態：am， is， are + P.P (過去分詞)

e.g. I am given a lot of work to do.

The garden is watered every morning.

2. 一般過去時的被動語態：was， were + P.P

e.g. The window was broken last night.

They were given a warm send-off at the airport.

3. 一般將來時的被動語態：shall， will + be + P.P

e.g. The project will be completed next month.

Shall I be allowed to go with you?

4. 一般過去將來時的被動語態：would + be + P.P

e.g. We were sure that he would be punished.

I didn’t expect that I would be asked to speak.

5. 現在進行時的被動語態：am， is， are + being + P.P

e.g. The road is being repaired.

The books are being read by children.

6. 過去進行時的被動語態：was， were +being +P.P

e.g. The baby was being looked after by his sister.

These ancient buildings were being renovated.

7. 現在完成時的被動語態：has， have + been + P.P

e.g. She hasn’t been told about it yet.

They have been warned not to swim there.

8. 過去完成時的被動語態：had + been + P.P

e.g. The factory had been closed down.

She had been sent to hospital.

9. 情態動詞的被動語態：情態動詞( can， may， must， could， might， should)+ be + P.P

e.g. English can be spoken in the world.

The road may be further widened.

二、如何將主動語態的句子變為被動語態的句子。

1. 劃出主動語態句子中的主語、謂語、賓語；

2. 讓主動語態句子中的賓語作被動語態句子的主語；

3. 謂語動詞變為被動結構；

4. 主動語態句子中的主語作了介詞by的賓語，構成介詞短語，作狀語，置于句后，有時可以省略。

e.g.We plant the trees every year.

主謂賓

→The trees are planted (by us) every year.

主 謂(被動) 賓

e.g. A young lady runs the supermarket.

→ The supermarket is run by a young lady.

三、主要在什么情況下使用被動語態

掌握被動結構的形式很重要，但使用卻要慎重。

1. 不知道動作的執行者是誰，這時只好用被動結構

Three people were injured. 有三人受傷。

The building was burned down. 這座建筑完全焚毀了。

2.不必提到動作的執行者，也可用被動結構

The book was published in 2000. 這本書是2000年出版的。

The plant was shut down for two months.工廠關閉了兩個月。

3.動作的承受者(或結果)是談話的中心

Are these goods made by machinery?這些貨物是機器生產的嗎？

Her children were looked after by neighbors when she was ill.她生病時孩子們由鄰居照管。

這類句子常有一個by引導的短語說明動作的執行者，有時也可沒有。

When he arrived home he was arrested (by a detective). 他到家時被捕了。

A new public library is being built (by our local council). 一座新的公共圖書館正在修建。

4. 動作的執行者很模糊(如指people， one等)，故用被動結構也很自然

It’s suggested that we put the meeting off. 有人建議延期舉行。

This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere. 這種廣告到處可見。

5. 為了措辭上的圓通，常避免說出動作的執行者

It is generally considered rude to stare at people. 盯著看人通常認為是粗魯無理的。

It’s hoped that such things would not happen again. 希望這樣的事不再發生。

6. 為了使句子得到更好的安排

He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.

他在臺上出現，觀眾熱烈鼓掌(這樣用一個主語即可)。

The plan was supported by those who wish to live on the campus.

這個計劃受到在校園住的人的支持(若為主動結構句子就較難安排)。

四、一些常使用被動結構的情況

1. 公告、通知

e.g. Lying on the floor is strictly prohibited. 嚴禁躺在地板上。

Applications must be sent in by 31st July. 必須于7月31日前提出申請。

2. 新聞報導

e.g. The search for the bank robbers continues. Meanwhile many people have been questioned and the owner of the stolen getaway car has been traced.

搜索銀行劫匪的行動在繼續著。與此同時，許多人受到盤問，并一直在查找劫匪逃逸時所偷汽車的車主。

3. 報紙標題 (動詞be常被省略)

e.g. Congressman Assassinated! 國會議員遭到暗殺！

Two Drug Traffickers Hanged in Singapore! 兩名毒販在新加坡被絞死！

4. 科技文章

e.g. The mixture is placed in a crucible and is heated to a temperature of 300℃. It is then allowed to cool before it can be analyzed。

將混合液置于坩堝中，加熱至300℃，然后令其冷卻，隨后便可以進行分析。

(鄭州鐵路職業技術學院)