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情態(tài)動(dòng)詞高考考點(diǎn)透析

2009-01-01 00:00:00吳元培

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重要項(xiàng)目之一,也是歷年高考的熱點(diǎn)。盡管情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法很復(fù)雜,很難掌握,但從歷屆高考題看,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的命題熱點(diǎn)主要集中在以下幾個(gè)方面:

一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的非推測(cè)性用法

1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示能力時(shí),一般用can /could或be able to 。be able to用于表示能力并且可用于各種時(shí)態(tài),而can只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài)。此外,當(dāng)表示過(guò)去成功地做成了某事時(shí),只能用was / were able to。

The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ________ get out .

(97’NMET)

A. had toB. would

C. could D. was able to

【解析】本題表示過(guò)去“成功地從火里逃出來(lái)”,故答案選【D】。

2. can / could和may / might

may表示允許,否定形式為mustn’t(不允許);can/could, may/might都可用來(lái)表示請(qǐng)求允許或許可。過(guò)去式could和might常用于疑問(wèn)句,表示禮貌,答語(yǔ)中常用原形can或者may,不可再用過(guò)去式could或might。

(1) — Could I borrow your dictionary?

— Yes, of course you________ .(92’NMET)

A. mightB. will C. canD. should

【解析】本題的前一句用could提問(wèn),表示委婉的請(qǐng)求,答語(yǔ)中應(yīng)用原形can,故答案選【C】。

(2) — I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins. _______ I have a look?

—Yes,certainly.(02’北京春招)

A. DoB. MayC. ShallD. Should

【解析】 “may / might I … ”表示請(qǐng)求對(duì)方允許或許可;“Shall+ I / we …”表示征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn),故答案選【B】 。

3. must與have to都可以表示“必須”的意思,但must表示主觀看法,have to則側(cè)重于客觀需要。

(1) — What do you think we can do for our aged parents?

— You ________ do anything except to be with them and be yourself.(07’湖南卷)

A. don’t have to B. oughtn’t to

C. mustn’t D. can’tKey:【A】

(2) All passengers must wear seat belts.

【固定短語(yǔ)】 If you must表示無(wú)可奈何地同意某人干某事。

— May I smoke here ? (06’山東卷)

— If you ________ , choose a seat in the smoking section.

A. shouldB. could

C. may D. mustKey:【D】

4. will作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)有以下用法:

(1)當(dāng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞will表示意愿或決心時(shí),也可用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句。

If you will listen to me, I’ll give you some advice on how to learn English.

(2) 表示請(qǐng)求。

Will you give me a hand ?

(3) 表示沒(méi)有時(shí)間限制的傾向性動(dòng)作或習(xí)慣。

Oil will float on water.

5.would的用法

(1)表示禮貌的請(qǐng)求。

Would you close the window, please?

(2)表示過(guò)去的傾向性動(dòng)作或習(xí)慣。

John promised his doctor he ________ not smoke, and he has smoked ever since. (08’北京卷)

A. might B. should

C. could D. would Key: 【D】 (3) 表示想必現(xiàn)在 / 過(guò)去……;現(xiàn)在/過(guò)去可能……

He would be back today / yesterday .

6. shall的用法。

shall用于第一、三人稱(chēng)疑問(wèn)句,用來(lái)征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn);用于第二、三人稱(chēng)陳述句,表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的命令、警告、允諾、威脅或決心等。

(1) — What’s the name?

— Khulaifi . ________ I spell that for you?(06’北京)

A. Shall B. Would

C. Can D. MightKey:【A】

(2) — What does the sign over there read? (07’四川)

—“No person ________ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette,cigar orpipe in this area.”

A. will B. may

C. shall D. must Key: 【C】

7. should 的用法

(1) Should 表示勸告、建議、命令,有義務(wù)、有責(zé)任做某事,意為“應(yīng)該”。

— I think I’ll give Bob a ring.

— You ________. You haven’t been in touch with him for ages. (06’江蘇)

A. will B. may

C. have to D. shouldKey: 【D】

(2) Should 可以用來(lái)表示“推測(cè)”,意為“可能、該”。相當(dāng)于be expected to。往往指具有一定的客觀根據(jù)或根據(jù)合理的推斷,且所期待的事幾乎已成為事實(shí),因此不是虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

— How’s your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?

—It ________ be, but it is now heavily polluted.(07’全國(guó)I)

A. willB. would

C. should D. mustKey: 【C】

(3) should可以用于較強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的假設(shè)情形中,表示“竟然;萬(wàn)一”之意。

________ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.(06’湖北)

A. Would you beB. Should you be

C. Could you be D. Might you be

Key:【B】

8. need用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,僅用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句或條件句。在肯定句中要用must, have to, should, ought to或?qū)eed當(dāng)作行為動(dòng)詞使用。

We need to work hard.

You needn’t worry = You don’t need to worry.

If you need go there, please let me know.

【注意】 (1) needn’t = don’t have to 不必 。

— What sort of house do you want to have? Something big? (08’陜西)

— Well, it ________ be big — that’s not important.

A. mustn’t B. needn’t

C. can’t D. won’t Key:【B】

(2) need還可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞

(a) The elderly man needs / wants /requires looking after every day . = The elderly man needs / wants / requires to be looked after every day .

(b) Does he need to take the medicine four times a day ?

9. dare的用法

(1) dare作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,主要用于疑問(wèn)句,否定句和條件從句中,一般不用于肯定句.

a. How dare you say I’m unfair ?

b. He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare she ?

c. If he dare break the rule, he will be punished.

(2) dare作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化。所不同的是,在肯定句中,dare 后面通常接帶to的不定式;在否定和疑問(wèn)句中, dare后可接帶to或不帶to的不定式。

(a) I dare to swim across the river.

(b) He doesn’t dare (to) answer.

二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的推測(cè)性用法

can, could, may, might, must,其中,must所表示的可能性最大,最有把握,意為“一定”,而其否定式mustn’t表示“禁止、不準(zhǔn)”;表示“不可能”要用can’t或couldn’t;may 和 might表示可能性時(shí),主要用于肯定句中,might相對(duì)于may 來(lái)說(shuō),表示的可能性更小些。can和could主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示猜測(cè),我們首先要清楚被猜測(cè)的時(shí)間,其次要看有無(wú)事實(shí)根據(jù)。若有事實(shí)根據(jù),則無(wú)論是肯定還是否定的猜測(cè),猜測(cè)語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)且符合時(shí)間要求的為最佳答案;若無(wú)事實(shí)根據(jù),純憑主觀臆斷,則猜測(cè)語(yǔ)氣最弱且符合時(shí)間要求的為最佳答案。

1. can表示可能性時(shí),指的是理論上的可能,它通常不用來(lái)表示某事實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性或真實(shí)性。

You ________ be hungry already — you had lunch only two hours ago!(08’浙江)

A. wouldn’t B. can’t

C. mustn’tD. needn’tKey:【B】

如果我們要表達(dá)某事發(fā)生的實(shí)際可能性,要用may, could或might等。

(1) Children under 12 years of age in that country ________ be under adult supervision when in a public library. (04’上海)

A. must B. may C. can D. need

Key:【B】

(2) — I’ve taken someone else’s greensweater by mistake.

— It ________ Harry’s. He always wears green.(05’廣東)

A. has to beB. will be

C. mustn’t beD. could be

Key:【D】

can表示猜測(cè),用于肯定句,表示“一時(shí)的特征”可譯為“有時(shí)會(huì)”。

Peter ________ be really difficult at times even though he’s a nice person in general.(08’遼寧)

A. shall B. should

C. can D. must Key:【C】

2. may和might表示推測(cè)只能用于肯定句或否定句,不能用于疑問(wèn)句中。

Although this ________ sound like a simple task, great care is needed. (08’四川)

A. must B. mayC. shall D. should

【解析】題中沒(méi)有客觀事實(shí)根據(jù),猜測(cè)語(yǔ)氣要求最弱,故答案選【B】。

Helen ________ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet. (05’安徽)

A. shallB. must C. may D. can

【解析】由答語(yǔ)“I’m not sure”可以推測(cè)說(shuō)話(huà)者的語(yǔ)氣不肯定,故答案選【C】 。

May / Might it be cloudy tomorrow ?(×)

Can / Could it be cloudy tomorrow ?(√)3. must的否定式是can’t / couldn’t

“must+動(dòng)詞原形”對(duì)目前的情況進(jìn)行推測(cè)時(shí)以及用must+be+-ing形式對(duì)目前正在發(fā)生的情況進(jìn)行推測(cè)時(shí),表示“一定正在……”。

She must be waiting for us now .

三、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have done的用法

“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have done” 表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)或估計(jì),是歷年高考的熱點(diǎn)。

1. should (ought to) have+過(guò)去分詞

表示過(guò)去應(yīng)該做而(實(shí)際)沒(méi)有做的事情,含有責(zé)備或遺憾的語(yǔ)氣,意為“本應(yīng)該……”。其否定形式為“should not /ought not to have + 過(guò)去分詞”,其否定式表示某種行為不該發(fā)生但卻發(fā)生了。

— I’m sorry. I________ at you the other day.(08’江蘇卷)

— Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.

A. shouldn’t shout

B. shouldn’t have shouted

C. mustn’t shout

D. mustn’t have shoutedKey:【B】

2. needn’t have+過(guò)去分詞

表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有必要做某事, 但實(shí)際上做了某事。

As you worked late yesterday, you________ have come this morning.

(06’陜西)

A. mayn’tB. can’t

C. mustn’tD. needn’t

【解析】 He needn’t have come,表示“他本沒(méi)有必要來(lái)(實(shí)際卻來(lái)了)”;注意:He didn’t need to come意為“他沒(méi)有必要來(lái)(實(shí)際也沒(méi)來(lái))”;根據(jù)句意,答案應(yīng)選【D】。

3. must have + 過(guò)去分詞

用于肯定句,表示“過(guò)去一定做過(guò)某事”,表示一種很有把握的推測(cè)。注意,對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè)常用can’t / couldn’t have +過(guò)去分詞。

The teacher ________ have thought Johnson was worth it or she wouldn’t have wasted time on him, I suppose.(07’安徽)

A. shouldB. can C. wouldD. must

【解析】本題應(yīng)選D 。本題的前一句說(shuō)明一個(gè)結(jié)果,后一句則表示一個(gè)原因。表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè)。

4. may / might have+過(guò)去分詞

表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的一種不太有把握的可能性推測(cè),表示“可能 / 大概已做了某事…… ”,否定句表示“可能還沒(méi)有……”。

— I can’t find my purse anywhere.

— You _______ have lost it whileshopping.(08’重慶)

A. mayB. can

C. should D. would Key:【A】

5. can / could have+過(guò)去分詞

肯定句表示“過(guò)去本來(lái)可以做某事,但實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做”;否定句表示“不可能已做了某事”;疑問(wèn)句表示“可能 / 也許已做了某事嗎?”。

She _______ have left school, for her bike is still here. (08’天津)

A. can’tB. wouldn’t

C. shouldn’t D. needn’t

Key: 【A】

鞏固性練習(xí):從A、B、C、D中選擇最佳答案。

1. Our house is on the top of the hill, and in winter the winds _______ be pretty cold.

A. need B. can C. mustD. shall

2. I can hear the Browns’ phone bell ringing but no one is answering it; they _______

be at home.

A. wouldB. mightC. needn’t D. can’t

3. Winter is coming; _______ spring be far away?

A. canB. shouldC. will D. must

4. — John, how did your English exam go?

— I thought I _______ , but in fact I came in the top 10% in the class.

A. should have failed

B. couldn’t have failed

C. might have failed

D. mustn’t have failed

5. My English - Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who_______ have taken it?

A. should B. must

C. couldD. would

6. I _______ have written to him because he would come back as he informed us.

A. couldn’t B. ought to

C. must D. needn’t

7. — I promise that his daughter______ get a nice present on her birthday.

— Will it be a big surprise to her?

A. should B. must

C. would D. shall

8. — I’m sorry that I didn’t turn on the air-conditioner.

— You_______. I didn’t feel a bit cold.

A. didn’t need bother

B didn’t need to bother

C. needn’t have bother

D. needn’t to bother

9. We were looking for you all this morning. You _______ office without a word.

A. mustn’t have left

B. shouldn’t have left

C. couldn’t have left

D. needn’t have left

10. I couldn’t wait for you any longer. I______ , and so I went.

A. must go B. must have gone

C. had to goD. should have gone

11. The best friend a man has in the world _____ turn against him and become his

enemy.

A. shallB. mayC. willD. would

12. —We need a person badly to be in charge of this design.

— _______ the new comer have a try?

A. MustB. WillC. Need D. Shall

13. — It’s so late. Our son _______ be back!

— Don’t worry. I dare say he _______have some extra work to do.

A. can; must B. will; might

C. should; must D. must; may

Keys for reference:

1-5 BDACC6-10 DDBBC

11-13 BDC

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