分門別類教你備戰高考閱讀理解（一）

(A)高考英語廣告類閱讀對策

一、廣告類閱讀的五大特點

1. 材料特點:大家知道，刊登廣告是要錢的，為了節省費用，人們在擬寫廣告材料上往往都希望用最少的篇幅表現最大量的信息，這就決定了廣告類材料通常具有以下特點:信息量大，用詞簡練，形式靈活。

2. 內容特點:綜觀近幾年的高考英語閱讀理解題，其內容主要涉及的是與人們生活息息相關的信息，如產品宣傳、服務介紹、招生招聘等。

3. 形式特點:做廣告的主要目的就是要讓廣告受眾了解廣告內容，記住廣告內容，并為廣告上所刊登的內容(產品或服務等)埋單。為了達到這一目的，人們在設計廣告時往往會做到:標題醒目，重點突出，條理清楚。

4. 用詞特點:廣告類閱讀材料的用詞有以下“三多”特點:一是人名、地名、專有名詞多;二是生詞多;三是縮略詞、省略句多。

5. 命題特點:廣告類閱讀是近幾年高考英語閱讀理解最常考的題材，在閱讀理解的選材中占有很高的比例。近年來，全國十六七套高考英語試題中，一般都有不少于10卷的高考題會涉及廣告類閱讀。命題者對廣告類閱讀的命題切入點是主要考查考生提取信息和處理信息的能力，所以廣告類閱讀題的命題主要是以獲取信息為主的細節理解題。

二、做廣告類閱讀的五大技巧

1. 先題后文法:廣告類閱讀從本質上說是一種信息性閱讀，即要求考生從所讀材料中獲取有關信息回答問題。但是，短文中的信息那么多，到底該獲取哪些信息呢?這就得看閱讀材料后所附的閱讀理解試題。“先題后文”指的就是先讀試題，了解試題的考查點，再根據試題的要求快速閱讀短文，這樣閱讀便帶有較強的目的性和針對性，從而有助于保證所獲取信息的準確性，同時，還可以節省答題時間，提高正確做題的速度。

2. 題干定向法:前面講到，廣告類閱讀從本質上說是一種信息性閱讀，所以，在通常情況下，每個試題一般都可以從閱讀材料中找到相應出處或依據，考生在做題時要充分利用這一特點進行題干定向查找，將題干所涉及的問題與材料中的相應句段“對號入座”。此時要注意的是，如果題干的問題與原文中的相應句段基本相同，則可直接對號入座;如果題干的問題與原文中的相應句段有較大出入，則要進行一定的處理，這個“處理”是多方面的，它可能包括對原文進行同義變換、對概念進行解析、對事實進行歸納、將具體問題抽象化或將抽象問題具體化、將文中提到的原則或規則進行實際運用等等。

3. 錯誤排除法:所謂排除法，就是指根據文章內容排除錯誤選項來確定正確答案的方法。一般來說，對于那些與文意明顯不符或與文章內容不相關的選項比較容易排除，但有些選項與文章內容相符，卻與題干問題不吻合，即屬答非所問的情形，也應作為錯誤項予以排除，尤其是那些從文章中摘錄的句子，要特別小心，它們很有可能是干擾項，對于這類選項，要特別小心處理。除了驗證其是否能回答所提問題外，還要看它是否回答了問題的主要方面，也就是說看它是不是最佳答案，如果它只能回答所提問題的一個側面或還有比它更合適的選項，都要毫不猶豫地將其排除。 4. 信息補全法:前面講到，廣告類閱讀材料的一大特點就是縮略詞和省略句多。考生在做題時，要注意根據文章的上下文語境將省略句補充完整，以便于正確地理解和答題。

另外，對于一些常見的縮略語同學們要有意識地記憶一些。如:

星期縮略語:Mon. (Monday)， Tues. (Tuesday)， Wed. (Wednesday)， Thur. (Thursday)， Fri. (Friday)， Sat. (Saturday)， Sun. (Sunday)等。

月份縮略語:Jan. (January)， Feb. (February)， Mar. (March)， Apr. (April)， Jun. (June)， Jul (July)， Aug. (August)， Sep(t). (September)， Oct. (October)， Nov. (November)， Dec. (December)等。

電話縮略語:Tel (telephone)， Ph (phone) 等。

地址、公司名等縮寫語:Add. (address)， No. (number)， Rd. (road)， Co. (company)， Ltd.(Limited)等。

某些時間縮略語:hrs. (hours)， yrs. (years)， a.m. (in the morning)， p.m. (in the afternoon) 等。

其他常見縮略語:max. (maximum， 最大量， 最大限度)， min. (minimum， 最小量， 最小限度)， doz. (dozen)， fig. (figure)， ft. (foot)， ml (mile)， esp. (especially)， Mt. (mountain)， p. (page)， prof. (professor). Dr. (doctor)， vs. (versus， 對)， info. (information)， aft. (after)， ad. (advertisement)， M (male)， F (female) 等。

5. 生詞模糊法:生詞多是廣告類閱讀材料的一大特點。面對這些生詞同學們該怎么辦呢?許多同學首先想到的是想辦法來猜測其詞義。當然，若能根據上下文的語境猜出生詞的詞義，那再好不過了。但問題是，有些生詞是無法猜的，并且命題者也沒有要求考生去猜測其詞義，因為不僅試題本身沒有涉及對這些生詞的理解，而且這些生詞也根本不會影響到答題。對于這些生詞，考生在做題時只要模糊地知道它們的存在就夠了，千萬不要一看到生詞就緊張，就被它們嚇住。

三、廣告類閱讀題實戰演練

(安徽卷閱讀理解)

If you want to be a success， study at the University of Waikato is right for you. The university is internationally recognised for its excellence and achievements. It will help you develop advanced research skills. As a university student you can get first-class research facilities(設施) with trained teachers to help， support and advise you in your study. We pride ourselves on our high standards， our research success and our international recognition. For further information: inf@waikato.ac.nz

Degree

We offer a wide choice of bachelor’s degrees(學士學位) for international students， which includes: Arts， Communication Studies， Social Sciences， etc. Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Education are only for New Zealand citizens. For further information: deg@ waikato.ac.nz

Tuition Fees(學費)

Tuition fees are different from department to department， generally from $5，000 to $6，000 a year. For further information: tui@waikato.ac.nz

Accommodation(住宿)

You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat， which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: acc@waikato.ac.nz

Health

The Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week， including student holidays with four doctors and nurses to meet your medical needs. For further information: heal@waikato.ac.nz

Sports

The Centre is a great place to have sports activities. Trained exercise teachers can help you work out a training plan and keep you active. The sports hall has volleyball， basketball and indoor football courts and a swimming pool as well. There are also a large number of sports clubs at Waikato. For further information: sport@waikcato.ac.nz

1. If you want to get more information about arts， you can write to ____.

A. sport@waikato.ac.nzB. heal@waikato.ac.nz

C. deg@waikato.ac.nzD. inf@waikato.ac.nz

2. You have to pay at least ____ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.

A. $5，250B. $8，000C. $9，000D. $11，000

3. According to the text， what will you do if you are ill during Christmas holidays? ____.

A. Go to a hospital nearby

B. Buy some medicine in a drug store

C. See a doctor at the school medical centre

D. Try to get help from your classmates

【答案與解析】文章為WaiKato大學的招生宣傳。1.C。對照各條相關介紹，只有Degree一節中介紹包括了arts。故答案為C。 2.B。根據Tuition fees一節的內容可知，一年的學費最低為5000美元，再根據Accommodation(住宿)一節可知，除學費外，學生還需要住宿費(每月100美元)和生活費(每月150美元)共3000美元，故答案為B。 3.C。根據文章Health一節可知，如果節日期間生病，你可以在學校醫療中心看病就診。故答案為C。

(江西卷閱讀理解)

YOUR KIDS ARE AMAZING—especially compared with everybody else’s (who seem to cry all the time). How do you show your love for your kids this holiday season? With toys that are smooth and colorful， interactive and exciting. And with ones that have educational value—because you are the boss.

1. FLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SET

Here is a toy that doesn’t need power—and the kids have to put it together themselves. This 50-piece puzzle set is made of soft-edged hardwood and makes a complete hospital， with an X-ray room. It also includes eight patients， a car and a driver. $ 135; flaxart.com.

2. TINY LOVE ACTIVITY BALL

Sure， it’s cool， but this colorful baby toy also develops problem solving and motor skills. It has a head and legs， a magnetic(磁性的) hand and a tail. Suitable for little ones from 6 to 36 months. $ 19.95; tinylove.com.

3. ROBOSAPIEN

This small， remote-control robot is really powerful. It performs 67 preprogrammed functions(功能)， including throwing， kicking， picking up and dancing. You can even program your own function—which， sadly， does not include doing windows. $ 99; robosapienonline.com.

4. MINI PEDAL CAR

Want a Mini Cooper but can’t fit the family inside? Get one for the kids. They can jump into this Mini car， which comes in hot orange with a single adjustable(可調的) seat， and ride away. But it could spoil them for that used car they’ll be driving when they turn 16. For ages 3 to 5. $ 189; mininsa.com (click on “gear up，” then “Mini motoring gear”).

1. Which toy is said to have the special design for children’s safety? ____.

A. ROBOSAPIEN

B. MINI PEDAL CAR

C. FLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SET

D. TINY LOVE ACTIVITY BALL

2. Which toys are fit for three-year-old kids? ____.

A. 1 and 3B. 2 and 4C. 1 and 2D. 3 and 4

3. Educational value is mentioned in all the toys EXCEPT ____.

A. FLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SET

B. TINY LOVE ACTIVITY BALL

C. ROBOSAPIEN

D. MINI PEDAL CAR

4. This passage is written for ____.

A. parentsB. childrenC. the writerD. the boss

1.C。根據第1條廣告中說的…is made of soft-edged hardwood…可知，該玩具的設計考慮到了兒童使用的安全性。2.B。第2條廣告中所介紹的玩具可供6至36個月的孩子玩，第四條廣告中所介紹的玩具可供3至5歲的孩子玩，因此選B。3.D。根據第1條廣告，選項A所涉及的玩具要求孩子們 put it together themselves;根據第2條廣告，選項B所涉及的玩具可以develops problem solving and motor skills; 根據第3條廣告，選項C所涉及的玩具包括 throwing， kicking， picking up and dancing等。可見，它們都有一定的educational value。但是，選項D所涉及的玩具則沒有提及這種功能。4.A。根據第1段中反復出現的your kids可知答案選A。

(B)時事新聞類閱讀理解應對策略

時事新聞類閱讀材料在近年高考中屢屢涉及。這類材料往往語言地道、內容新穎。

一、材料特點

閱讀材料的組成有一個共同的特點，即都是由標題(Headlines)、導語(Introductions)、背景(Background)、主體(Main body)和結尾(Ends)五部分構成。此類文章主題突出，文章的第一句話或第一自然段往往就是對整篇文章的高度概括，因此讀懂首句或首段至關重要。下面分別敘述這五個部分在閱讀理解中的作用:

標題是新聞報道中心思想高度而又精辟的概括，必然是命題者考慮設題的重點。這類閱讀理解材料常不給出標題，而要考生選擇標題。因此，同學們平時在看英語報刊或者在做時事新聞類閱讀理解題時要特別注意研究標題和英語標題的特點。

知事抓導語。導語位于新聞報道的首段，高度概括新聞事實，5W(When， Where， Who， What， Why) 包括其中。因此，抓住導語便對新聞事件有了大體把握，對做閱讀理解試題來說就是抓住了“牛鼻子”。

欲知詳情，讀新聞背景和主體。新聞背景交待新聞事實的起因，主體則對導語概括的新聞事實進行詳細敘述。

探求結果到結尾。結尾往往是新聞事件的結果或動態展望，也是中心思想的概括并常常與新聞導語相呼應，命題者也樂于在此設題。

二、命題特點

此類閱讀材料的命題在新聞背景和主體部分設題較多，有時可能會省去一兩個部分，要求考生依據五個部分之間的必然聯系去推知未知的要素。

命題形式主要有事實細節題、詞義猜測題、推理判斷題和識圖題等，其中事實細節題和計算題占多數。

三、備考策略

要想做好時事新聞類閱讀理解題，考生必須要擅于捕捉新聞細節，擅于根據問題找到相關句并能分析理解長難句，擅于根據上下文猜測單詞、短語的含義，擅于歸納、概括、推理、判斷及簡單計算，才能做好這部分試題。

最后給家里有電腦的同學提個建議:你可以利用電腦收聽“美國之音”，那上面的材料都是最新的時事材料，同時也是最地道的美國英語。具體方法是，首先連接因特網，然后在地址欄輸入“VOA慢速英語”，你就可以收聽“美國之音”的新聞節目。這既能提高英語聽力，又能提高英語閱讀能力，真是一舉兩得的事，有條件的同學不妨一試。

四、實戰真題(福建卷閱讀理解題)

NEWS BRIEF

●Prime Minister Tony Blair faced new allegations (指控) on Thursday that he misled Parliament and the public in making the case for the war in Iraq after he disclosed his chief legal adviser’s written opinion raising questions about the legality (合法) of the war.

●US Forest Service officials are reminding people to stay off Forest Service roads that are closed. The fine for disobeying the rule of road closures is a maximum of $ 5， 000 fine and/or six months in prison. Those who enter the area and cause road damage may also be required to pay for repairs.

●In a second study presented at the meeting， scientists from the UK and Denmark showed that even a few days of high temperatures can severely reduce production of crops such as wheat， soybeans， rice and groundnuts， if it occurs when the plants are flowering.

●A bomb exploded in Thailand’s mainly Muslin south on Sunday， killing two policemen and wounding three others， a day after Thailand’s queen condemned those behind a 15-month wave of violence (暴力).

●Mechanicsburg 3， West York l: Ken Stamper and Rusty Bowman had seven kills each， and Ryan Warfield had six to lead the Wildcats past the Bulldogs， 25—11， 25—15， 15—25， 25—23， in a non-league match.

1. The news brief covers ____.

A. war， law， violence， culture and agriculture

B. sports， war， violence， politics and climate

C. politics， culture， violence， climate and sports

D. violence， sports， politics， law and agriculture

2. From the news brief， we can learn that ____.

A. the Bulldogs defeated the Wildcats by 3-1 in a non-league match

B. Forest Service roads are closed for repairs before they are opened again

C. quite a few violent accidents happened in Thailand before the latest one

D. the British people think the decision made by Blair about the war is of legality

3. According to the U.S. Forest Service officials， those who enter the area and damage the closed roads ____.

A. shall have to pay a $ 5，000 fine for the repairs to them

B. shall be fined or put in prison， and may pay for the repairs

C. shall be fined $ 5，000 and kept in prison for six months

D. shall pay a fine and repair the roads as a punishment

4. The study of the scientists from the UK and Denmark is about ____.

A. the importance of climate and the growth of crops

B. the damage caused by high temperatures to some crops

C. the relationship between crops flowering and high temperatures

D. the effect of high temperatures on the production of some crops

【答案與解析】這一篇新聞摘要，內容涉及了法律、政治、農業、體育運動和暴力。1.D。通讀全文，根據文章各段內容可知答案。 2.C。根據第4條新聞中的a 15-month wave of violence可知，泰國的暴力事件很多。3.B。根據第2條新聞可以看出，對進入Forest Service roads的人有3種懲罰措施。4.D。英國和丹麥的科學家研究的是高溫對農作物的產量的影響。