概括、轉換、推斷

2008年高考英語試題江蘇卷考查任務型閱讀題，要求考生先閱讀一篇短文，然后根據(jù)短文內容在短文后面的表格上填寫十個單詞。概括、轉換、推斷是解題的關鍵三步。

請先看一則任務型閱讀題:

Last month， my Dad and Mom went on a business trip to Beijing together， so I was alone at home for a week. At first， it seemed wonderful because I could do everything I wanted.

After finishing my homework， I did some reading.

But the happy times did not last long. On the fourth evening， while I was busy with my homework， the lights in my house went out suddenly. I couldn’t see anything. Being a girl， I felt very frightened. Slowly I got used to the darkness and saw some weak light coming from the street lamps (燈). I realized the electricity (電) in my house was out.

I decided to go outdoors to see what was happening. As I walked out， I fell over an object (物體) I put down earlier.

Standing outside， I found the whole district(地區(qū)) dark. I knew the whole electric system(系統(tǒng)) had broken down. I was frightened and sorry， so I quickly picked up the phone and wanted to call my parents in Beijing， but I hesitated(猶豫) for a moment. I thought I had grown up and should learn to deal with some problems on my own.

When I thought of this， I hung up. A second later， I picked up the phone again. But this time I phoned the electric company. They told me they were repairing the system.

Half an hour later， everything turned back to normal.

A week passed quickly， then Dad and Mom came back. I told them everything that had happened in that week except this matter. I believe I have grown up and I will not depend on my parents as much as before.

Key:1.difficult 2.free 3.going 4.sudden 5.writer’s 6.Afraid 7.Thinking 8.repaired 9.returned 10.herself

第一步:概括

因為試題首先要求考生在標題下面的主題上填寫一個反映主題內容的關鍵詞，因此概括全文大意是解題第一步。考生應先通讀短文，了解其主旨大意、作者寫作意圖和主人公情緒情感，再在標題的進一步提示之下提煉文章主題。由于主題上所填詞匯往往直接反映主題，因此考生對在全文中反復出現(xiàn)的反映話題的詞匯應特別重視，它很有可能就是空檔要填的詞匯。認真閱讀分析原文不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，本文通過介紹主人公在父母不在家時學會應對突如其來的停電事件說明在成長的過程中學會獨立應對困難處境的重要性，這與標題Learn to deal with problems十分吻合，因此第一空應填difficult。

第二步:轉換

接著試題要求考生填寫大量細節(jié)性信息，這些細節(jié)性信息通常都是對原文內容的變換，方式有:一詞轉換成它詞;一詞性轉換成它詞性;主動語態(tài)轉換成被動語態(tài);謂語動詞轉換成非謂語動詞。因此考生應增強轉換意識，熟悉轉換角度。考生應分析比較空檔所在句信息與原文信息的不同之外，以確定空檔信息是對原文什么信息的轉換。如果空檔所在句信息與原文信息只差一個詞或短語，很可能空檔是對原詞的同義轉換，如原詞為set up空檔可轉換成found或establish;原詞為go up空檔可轉換成increase;原詞為go down空檔可轉換成decrease;原詞為result in空檔可轉換成lead (to)或contribute (to)。如果原詞為及物動詞，空檔前面有be動詞但又不屬進行時態(tài)，空檔可能填過去分詞，構成被動語態(tài)，如publish (a book)可轉換成 (a book be) published; promote (sb.)可轉換成(sb. be) promoted; burn sth.可轉換成(sth. be/get) burnt。如果空檔與原詞意義相同但成分不同，空檔可能是原詞的詞性變化詞，如(be) responsible (for)可轉換成(take) responsibility (for); celebrate (sth.)可轉換成 (in) celebration (of sth.); visit可轉換成(pay a) visit (to)。當然空檔也可能是對原文中幾個有聯(lián)系的單詞意義的轉換，如be unable to sleep at night可以轉換成stay awake; give up one’s study可以轉換成drop out; after finishing one’s middle school可以轉換成graduate from middle school。如果空檔信息表達原動詞含義，但不再是謂語，這是對原動詞進行的非謂語轉換，解題時應分析空檔成份及意義，確定應用何種非謂語動詞形式進行轉換。

本題第二空應填free，它是對could do everything I wanted的意義轉換;第4題應填sudden，它所在短語all of a sudden是對原詞suddenly的同義轉換;第6題應填Afraid，它所在短語afraid of是對frightened的同義轉換:第7空應填Thinking，它是對原詞thought的非謂語轉換:第8空應填repaired，它所屬的謂語動詞was being repaired是對原信息were repairing的語態(tài)轉換;第9空應填returned，它是對原詞came back的同義轉換;第10空應填herself，它所在短語live by herself 是對not depend on my parents的意義轉換。

第三步:推斷

接著應填寫分論點空缺信息，解題時應將該分論點所屬細節(jié)性與論點(主題)結合起來思考，看這些細節(jié)性信息介紹論點的哪一個角度。然后再在分論點已知信息的提示之下，推斷分論點未知信息。如果分論點空缺信息為名詞，應注意其應用單數(shù)形式還是復數(shù)形式，方法是先確定其是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞。如果是不可數(shù)名詞無復數(shù)，但如果是可數(shù)名詞，應看細節(jié)性信息有幾個角度的介紹，如果有兩個或兩個以上角度的介紹應用復數(shù)形式。如果空缺信息為動詞，應分析其成分確定其是謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞。如果是非謂語動詞，應根據(jù)成分及意義確定非謂語形式;如果是謂語動詞應考慮時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂語一致。本題第三空應填going，因為空檔所在分論點的細節(jié)性信息介紹燈熄掉這一角度，且該空相當于名詞，因此應填動名詞;第5空應填writer’s，因為其所在分論點所屬細節(jié)性信息介紹作者對停電的反應。該空空檔詞性屬名詞所有格，第一個、第二個分論點首單詞是一個提示。

鞏固性練習:

請認真閱讀下列短文，并根據(jù)所讀內容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當?shù)膯卧~。

注意:每個空格只填一個單詞。

From June 1， plastic bags were no longer free in stores and supermarkets. What do people use to hold their shopping now? What do they think of the new rule?

The students of Beijing 101 Middle School did a survey(調查) to find the answer. With the help of the Sony Company， they designed a questionnaire(問卷) and made their own shopping bags. On June 5， the students gave the bags away to people in the street. Anyone who wanted a free bag had to fill in a questionnaire.

“The people were very enthusiastic(熱心的) about the bags，” said Li Xuan， 14， one of the students. “It only took us 40 minutes to give away about 800 bags.”

Li said that most of the people were middle-aged or elderly. They said they were “optimistic (樂觀的)” about the future of shopping bags.

But these people also said there was a problem with getting a bag if you couldn’t make one yourself.

“They said that shopping bags in supermarkets are too expensive，” said Li. “Many just carry their shopping in their hands.”

They said a reasonable price for a shopping bag is about two yuan， Li said.

Zhang Yue， 16， another student， said that people also care about the quality of the shopping bag and how much it can hold.

Young people， however， want their bags to be nice and to look cool.

“I fully agree with them，” said Zhang. “I would like pictures of my favorite cartoon character on my shopping bag.”

All the students said the new rule would greatly improve the environment because most of the customers understood and supported the new rule.

Key:1.different 2.rule 3.throughout 4.Helped 5.free 6.findings 7.only 8.so 9.prefer 10.understanding