淺談讀寫任務(wù)中的記敘文寫作

劉慶生

一、記敘文的特點(diǎn)

要寫好記敘文，我們首先要對(duì)記敘文的文體特點(diǎn)有一個(gè)大概的了解。英語(yǔ)記敘文的主要特點(diǎn)包括：

1. 時(shí)態(tài)一般用過(guò)去時(shí)。

記敘文多數(shù)是描述一件發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，因此，時(shí)態(tài)以過(guò)去時(shí)為主，包括一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)等。

2. 包含六個(gè)基本要素。

在寫記敘文時(shí)，同學(xué)們切忌拿起筆就寫，想到哪里就寫到那里，必須在下筆前構(gòu)思好文章的主題和內(nèi)容。要做到這一點(diǎn)，我們必須明確五個(gè)“W”和一個(gè)“H”。見下表。

確定了這五個(gè)“W”和一個(gè)“H”，故事的框架也基本上定下來(lái)了。盡管不是每篇英語(yǔ)記敘文都一定要將這些W和H包括進(jìn)去，但是這個(gè)方法可以有效地幫助同學(xué)們理清寫作思路，確定寫作素材，避免因?yàn)闆](méi)有方向而使得文章的敘述顯得凌亂不堪。另外，掌握了這個(gè)方法在寫閱讀材料為記敘文的summary時(shí)也有很大幫助。

3. 人稱常用第一、三人稱。

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)記敘文展開記敘的視角有兩個(gè)：第一人稱和第三人稱。第一人稱是從“參與者”的角度進(jìn)行記敘，講述自身經(jīng)歷；第三人稱是以“觀察者”的身份展開敘述，展示他人的經(jīng)歷。在確定了文章的人稱后，不可再隨意地變換人稱，以免破壞文章的連貫性或打亂讀者的思路。

4. 記敘順序以時(shí)間為線索。

展開記敘的方式雖然很多，但對(duì)考生來(lái)說(shuō)，在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成一篇記敘文，還是依時(shí)間先后來(lái)記敘較好。

5. 常用表順序的連接詞句。

為使句子和段落更銜接，聯(lián)系更緊密，條理更清晰，記敘文中常用first, then, next, later, after that, after, when, before等連接性詞語(yǔ)。

二、實(shí)例分析

閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。（2009年廣州市高三級(jí)調(diào)研測(cè)試）

Who says honesty is dead? Last Tuesday morning Alan Reed, a student, was at the bank. He asked to take out $50 but the bank clerk mistakenly gave him five twenties instead of five tens. For a few seconds he wondered what to do. Should he give the extra money back? Keep it? If he kept it, he could buy several new books, or he could take his friend Alice to a fancy dinner. Probably no one would ever notice. Besides, this would make up for all the times hed been overcharged. But then he looked at the clerk. She was a middle-aged woman with a sweet face, and she reminded him of his mother. She had been nice o him, and she looked pressured in her work. Then it occurred to him that he lady would probably get in trouble. Worst of all, Alan felt he would probably feel guilty about keeping the extra cash. So Alan gave back the money. The bank clerk was so impressed that someone was honest enough to return money not rightfully his that she contacted the newspaper. So there you have it. What would you have done if youd been in Alans position?

[寫作內(nèi)容]

你想投稿給某英文報(bào)社，就上面短文中的話題發(fā)表議論，內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)包括：

1. 以約30個(gè)詞概括故事的主要內(nèi)容；

2. 以約120個(gè)詞表達(dá)你內(nèi)心的感受，并包括如下要點(diǎn)：

（1）你看完這個(gè)故事的感受；

（2）以你自己或他人的經(jīng)歷說(shuō)明誠(chéng)實(shí)給人帶來(lái)的好處；

（3）呼吁人們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪幸\(chéng)實(shí)。

[寫作要求]

1. 作文中可使用自己的親身經(jīng)歷或虛構(gòu)的故事，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容但不得直接引用原文的句子；

2. 作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。

[評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]

概括準(zhǔn)確，語(yǔ)言規(guī)范，內(nèi)容合適，篇章連貫。

●寫作分析：（Summary略）

Step 1：談“看完故事的感受”。

談“感受”，其實(shí)就是讓考生穿插一些議論在文章當(dāng)中，因?yàn)橄挛氖且杂洈橹鳎钆湓谝黄鹁托纬闪藠A敘夾議的文章。表示感受的常用表達(dá)如下：

要注意的是議論不宜過(guò)多，點(diǎn)到即止。以誠(chéng)實(shí)這個(gè)話題為例，考生在寫完對(duì)Alan的行為的感受后，可以結(jié)合故事所反映出的主題honesty來(lái)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)淖h論。要注意的是論點(diǎn)必須和下文的記敘部分相關(guān)。如我看完Alan這個(gè)故事的感受可寫成：

After reading the story, I am so touched by Alan, whose behavior is worth praising. There is no doubt that honesty still plays a very important role in public morality and only those who are honest will be trusted and respected by people.

其中， honest people will be trusted and respected by others是這一小段的議論論點(diǎn)，因此下文必須以這個(gè)論點(diǎn)為主題展開故事。

Step 2：以自身經(jīng)歷來(lái)說(shuō)明誠(chéng)實(shí)給人帶來(lái)的好處。

寫作該部分時(shí)，同學(xué)們一定要注意審題，其關(guān)鍵詞是“經(jīng)歷”“好處”，也就是要求考生去回顧或虛構(gòu)一些故事，來(lái)說(shuō)明誠(chéng)實(shí)給人帶來(lái)的好處，而不是去發(fā)表議論。因此，寫作時(shí)要注意以下3點(diǎn)：

（1）寫好過(guò)渡句，承上啟下。

在敘述故事前，可以用以下之類的句子來(lái)過(guò)渡：

Alans story also reminds me of one of my experiences ...

When it comes to honesty, I will never forget the days when ...

After reading Alans story, I recall the experience of my friend, ×××, who ...

（2）圍繞中心，選好例子。

圍繞誠(chéng)實(shí)給人帶來(lái)好處這個(gè)中心，選好例子，在選例子時(shí)要注意：

①考慮要寫的例子能否在有限時(shí)間內(nèi)寫完，能否做到清晰點(diǎn)題；

②例子沒(méi)有必要過(guò)分地追求新穎或另類。簡(jiǎn)單的例子只要表達(dá)清楚，思路清晰，一樣拿高分。

以下是寫這篇文章可以參考的兩個(gè)例子：

例1：老師減少分，自己主動(dòng)坦白。

During a very important exam in senior 2, I got the first place and I was very happy. However, I later found that my teacher didnt notice one mistake in my paper. If I told her about that, I wouldnt be No.1 in the class. However, I persuaded myself that honesty came first to the No.1 which didnt actually belong to me. So I came to the office and told my teacher the fact. My teacher was so satisfied with what I had done that she even praised me for my honesty.

其中的六個(gè)要素是：

When: in senior 2

Who: I

Where: in the office

What: I got the first place in an important exam but found out that one mistake was ignored by the teacher in the paper

How: I told my teacher the truth and was praised by her

Why: honesty is more important than being No.1 in the exam

例2：打爛窗戶，向鄰居坦白。

One day, when I was playing football with my friend in the courtyard, I kicked the ball so hard that it hit the window of my neighbors house, causing it to break into pieces. Feeling afraid of being scolded by my neighbor, I ran away at once without being noticed by anyone in the courtyard. However, every time I thought of the thing I had done, I felt so guilty that I finally confessed my error to my neighbor. To my surprise, my neighbor didnt blame me for my breaking the window, but instead，forgave me for my honesty.

其中的六個(gè)要素是：

When: one day

Who: I

Where: in the courtyard

What: I broke the window of my neighbors house

How: I confessed my error to my neighbor and he forgave me finally

Why: my neighbor considered me as an honest boy

（3）圍繞主題，結(jié)束點(diǎn)題。

在敘述經(jīng)歷之后，在結(jié)尾處要點(diǎn)題，說(shuō)明誠(chéng)實(shí)讓人受益匪淺。這樣，可以讓評(píng)卷老師知道你的例子是圍繞主題來(lái)展開的。以下幾個(gè)句型可以作為點(diǎn)題時(shí)的參考句型：

My experience has taught me that ...

I have learnt from ×××s story / experience that ...

I always consider my experience as valuable for it teaches me that ...

I benefit a lot from this experience ...

本篇文章可以這樣點(diǎn)題：

I benefit a lot from this experience and realized that it is honesty that wins us the respect from others and brings us the real happiness.

Step 3: 寫好結(jié)尾部分

一篇好的文章除了引人入勝的開頭，精彩的正文外，絕對(duì)離不開一個(gè)好的結(jié)尾。寫好記敘文結(jié)尾有以下幾招：

（1）結(jié)尾的大意可以和開頭相同，但應(yīng)該盡量避免用相同的句型去表達(dá)。如：要表示某樣事物很重要時(shí)，除了用sth is very important之外，我們還可以用important的同義詞、同根詞，或同義結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換：

sth is of greatimportance

sth plays a very important role in...

sth is of great significance to sb

sth is necessary to sb

sth is so significant that we cant live without it

（2）學(xué)會(huì)使用表示歸納的句型。如：

Above all, ...

To sum up, ...

In a word, ...

In conclusion, ...

（3）在寫到一些非常嚴(yán)肅，客觀上毋庸置疑的話題的時(shí)候（如：health, friendship, honesty, a sense of responsibility, confidence, sincerity等），我們往往可以采取“A is to B what C is to D (A對(duì)B來(lái)說(shuō)，就如同C對(duì)D一樣重要)”句型進(jìn)行結(jié)尾。

本文的結(jié)尾可以是：

To sum up,honesty is to us what water is to fishand never in our life should we neglect it. (誠(chéng)實(shí)對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)就如同水對(duì)魚來(lái)說(shuō)一樣重要) 本句后一分句還使用了倒裝句來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，說(shuō)明誠(chéng)實(shí)的必要性。

結(jié)合上述寫作分析，我們可以得到下面的參考文章：

Last Tuesday, Alan Reed went to the bank to take out 50 dollars but the bank clerk gave him 100 dollars mistakenly. However, instead of keeping the extra cash, Alan gave back the money to the bank.

After reading the story, I am so touched by Alan, whose behavior is worth praising. There is no doubt that honesty still plays a very important role in public morality and only those who are honest will be trusted and respected by people.

During one very important exam in senior 2, I got the first place and I was very happy. However, I later found that my teacher didnt notice one mistake in my paper. If I told her about that, I wouldnt be no.1 in the class. However, I persuaded myself that honesty came first to the no.1 which didnt actually belong to me. So I came to the office and told my teacher the fact. My teacher was so satisfied with what I had done that she even praised me for my honesty.

I benefit a lot from this experience and realized that it is honesty that wins us the respect from others and brings us the real happiness.

To sum up, honesty is to us what water is to fish and never in our lives should we neglect it.

責(zé)任編校蔣小青