“一般過去時(shí)”教學(xué)紀(jì)實(shí)

張　鵬

【編者按】在英語教學(xué)中,情境(situation)主要指進(jìn)行語言交際的外部具體場(chǎng)合。因此,在交際中構(gòu)成語境(context)的依據(jù)是話語或文句意義所處的外部世界的特征,所謂教學(xué)中的情境都是模擬的。而情境教學(xué)法,是指教師根據(jù)學(xué)生的年齡特點(diǎn)和心理特征,遵循反映論的認(rèn)知規(guī)律,結(jié)合教學(xué)內(nèi)容,充分利用形象,創(chuàng)設(shè)具體生動(dòng)的場(chǎng)景,使抽象的語言形式變成生動(dòng)具體的可視語言,創(chuàng)設(shè)盡可能多的英語語言環(huán)境,讓學(xué)生更多地感受英語(feel English)、說英語(speak English)、用英語進(jìn)行思維(think in English)、用英語的方式主導(dǎo)行為(behave in English)。該教學(xué)法的特點(diǎn)是:將言、行、情境融為一體,有較強(qiáng)的直觀性、科學(xué)性和趣味性。

日前,牡丹江市教育教學(xué)研究院初中部英語學(xué)科就“在情境中講語法”這一問題開展研討活動(dòng)。本期將呈現(xiàn)兩位教師的探索,以期為其他教師教學(xué)提供一個(gè)參照,以便就此問題進(jìn)行更深的探索與研究。

【回放】

教學(xué)背景:一般過去時(shí)表示的是過去發(fā)生的事或存在的狀態(tài),根據(jù)這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的特點(diǎn)我通過回放鏡頭的形式來回顧難以忘懷的2008年。通過對(duì)其中幾件大事的談?wù)撌箤W(xué)生很容易理解一般過去時(shí)的含義,從而能更好地進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)并掌握一般過去時(shí)的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)。通過北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)和神七飛天這兩件大事我創(chuàng)設(shè)了三個(gè)情境:回顧2008年北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)引入一般過去時(shí);談?wù)摫本W運(yùn)會(huì)的比賽引入一般過去時(shí)句式的學(xué)習(xí);寫一篇關(guān)于神七飛天的短文。

情境一:通過播放2008年北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)主題曲《我和你》,使學(xué)生回想到過去的2008年。通過回放鏡頭一,教師呈現(xiàn)有關(guān)北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)的精彩畫面,讓學(xué)生談?wù)撨^去發(fā)生的事情,并把回顧片段整理成一篇短文,以不同的方式體現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞過去式和時(shí)間狀語,然后自然引入本節(jié)課學(xué)習(xí)的核心內(nèi)容——一般過去時(shí)。

為解決生詞問題,我在課件圖片的相應(yīng)位置進(jìn)行注釋,并讓這些生詞反復(fù)出現(xiàn),在學(xué)生在不知不覺中理解、消化。

T: When we hear this song,it will remind us of the year of 2008. As we know,the year of 2008 is very important to our Chinese! There are many remarkable things.

Yesterday evening I looked back on the year of 2008. One of the most exciting moments was the Beijing Olympics. Now lets look back on the first scene.

(Show some pictures about the Beijing Olympics and talk about them.)

T: Lets look back on the whole course.

(Show the passage with different past verbs and time adverbials on the screen.)

Yesterday evening I looked back on the year of 2008.One of the most exciting moments was the Beijing Olympics.When people passed on the torch in Paris in April last year,Jin Jing protected the torch not to be robbed by others. On August 8th,2008,Li Ning lighted the main torch in the Birds Nest. The opening ceremony became the most unforgettable moment! However,onAugust 18 th,Liu Xiang left the Birds Nest. It made us disappointed. And there was a famous swimming star all over the world,Michael Phelps . Just one day ago,hegot the eighth gold medal in the Water Cube. We had so many interesting and exciting moments to remember. I think the Beijing Olympics is the most successful in history.

T: OK. From the passage we know when we talk about the past things,we should use the Simple Past Tense. Today we will learn the grammar —— The Simple Past Tense.

情境二:奧運(yùn)會(huì)比賽中,獎(jiǎng)牌的歸屬是為人津津樂道的。我圍繞奧運(yùn)會(huì)游泳、乒乓球比賽的精彩畫面來創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,通過讓學(xué)生觀察圖片內(nèi)容,采用師生問答的形式引出一般過去時(shí)的不同句式。而在學(xué)生感知不同句式之后,再次呈現(xiàn)前面有關(guān)回顧奧運(yùn)會(huì)的短文,讓學(xué)生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空,以此來檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生的實(shí)際應(yīng)用能力。至此學(xué)生都是在反復(fù)回顧2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)精彩片段,在這一背景的情境中感知、學(xué)習(xí)和鞏固一般過去時(shí),同時(shí)也在為下一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)—操練句型做鋪墊。

New drills

1. Present the new drill in the simple past tense.

T: There are many winners in the Beijing Olympics. Look at this picture. Do you know her?(Show a picture of Liu Zige.)

Ss: …

T: Her name is Liu Zige. Was she a swimming player last year?

Ss: Yes,she was.

T: Did she get the gold medal?

Ss: Yes,she did.

T: When did she get the gold medal?

Ss: She got the gold medal on August 14th.

(Show a picture of Wang Hao and Ma Lin. )

T: Who are they?

Ss: They are Wang Hao and Ma Lin.

T: Were they tennis players in 2008?

Ss: No,they werent.

T: Did Wang Hao get the gold medal?

Ss: No,he didnt.

T: Who beat him and got the gold medal?

Ss: Ma Lin.

T: Well-done. Now lets look at the drills.

(Show the drills on the screen.)

2. Practice the new drill.

Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of given verbs.

Yesterday evening I(look) back on the year of 2008. One of the most exciting moments (be) the Beijing Olympics. When people(pass) on the torch in Paris in April last year,Jin Jing(protect) the torch not to be robbed by others. On August 8th,2008,Li Ning(light) the main torch in the Birds Nest.The opening ceremony(become) the most unforgettable moment! However,on August 18th,Liu Xiang (leave) the Birds Nest. It(make) us disappointed. And there (be) a famous swimming star all over the world,Michael Phelps. Just one day ago,he (get) the eighth gold medal in the Water Cube. We (have) so many interesting and exciting moments to remember. I think the Beijing Olympics is the most successful in history.

情境三:過去的2008年既有讓人激動(dòng)不已又有令人悲傷、感嘆的事情,而如何用2008年的大事件來創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,進(jìn)一步使學(xué)生理解、運(yùn)用所學(xué)的一般過去時(shí)知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),從形象的感知達(dá)到抽象的理性的頓悟是我反復(fù)思考的。為了使課堂的氣氛始終保持積極向上,我創(chuàng)設(shè)了談?wù)?008年令國(guó)人驕傲的另一大事——神七飛天的情境。通過呈現(xiàn)2003年“神五”、2005年“神六”飛天作為鋪墊,過渡到2008年飛天壯舉,然后呈現(xiàn)神七圖片及表格信息,設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),讓學(xué)生根據(jù)提供的信息寫一篇關(guān)于神七的文章。在提供寫作信息時(shí),考慮到此環(huán)節(jié)具有一定難度,所以在呈現(xiàn)的表格下方附加了前面呈現(xiàn)過的有關(guān)“神七”從發(fā)射到降落整個(gè)過程的小圖片,目的是使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生知識(shí)聯(lián)想;另外在表格的最后兩個(gè)內(nèi)容中設(shè)置“意義”和“期望”,以達(dá)到提高學(xué)生思想認(rèn)識(shí)的目的。此環(huán)節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì),一方面考查學(xué)生用一般過去時(shí)語言輸出的能力,另一方面也增強(qiáng)了學(xué)生的民族自豪感。

Task: Write a short passage.

T: There is another most exciting moment in 2008. It makes all the Chinese excited.Now lets look back on the second scene. Six years ago,Yang Liwei went into space by Shenzhou V. It was the first time of our Chinese to go into space.

(Show pictures of Yang Liwei.)

T: In 2005,Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng flew to space by Shenzhou VI. They worked and lived in space for 5 days and nights.

(Show pictures of Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng.)

T: Lastyear,Zhai Zhigang,Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng flew to space by Shenzhou VII. Zhai Zhigang finished walking in space for the first time of our Chinese.

All the Chinese cheered for it and the whole world paid more attention to it.

(Show pictures of Zhai Zhigang,Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng.)

T: Now write a short passage about Shenzhou VII according to the pictures and the chart in groups. Then report your passages.

(Show some pictures and the chart,go around and offer help.)

T: Who can report your passage?

……

(Ask other Ss to present their passages.)

T: Excellent. “A small step by Zhai Zhigang in space is a big step in the history of the Chinese Nation”,we are proud of them and our country. As teenagers,we should study harder to make our country more beautiful and stronger.

強(qiáng)化記憶:在英語學(xué)習(xí)過程中必須要記憶許多語法知識(shí)點(diǎn),而許多看似錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的語言知識(shí)其實(shí)是有規(guī)律可循的,用歌曲、口訣、順口溜的方式整理那些需要記憶又比較容易混淆的知識(shí)點(diǎn),往往能起到事半功倍的效果。而口訣朗朗上口,簡(jiǎn)潔易記,是一個(gè)非常有效的記憶手段。我通過自編chant,讓學(xué)生一起跟讀,不僅突出了本堂課的重點(diǎn),同時(shí)也便于學(xué)生記憶本堂課的知識(shí)。

Chant and sum up

T: Please look at the chant on the screen and read it together.

Chant

動(dòng)詞一般過去時(shí),表示過去發(fā)生的事;

be用was或用were,have,has變had;

謂語動(dòng)詞過去式,過去時(shí)間做標(biāo)志;

一般動(dòng)詞加-ed,若是特殊得硬記。

否定句很簡(jiǎn)單,主語之后didnt添;

疑問句也不難,did放在主語前;

如果謂語之前有did,謂語動(dòng)詞需還原;

動(dòng)詞若是was,were,否定就把not添。

T: Excellent! What have we learnt in this lesson? Who can sum up?

……

T: Today we have learnt the Simple Past Tense and the past form of the verbs and different drills. I hope you can remember and use them clearly.

巧設(shè)作業(yè):繼續(xù)緊扣前面創(chuàng)設(shè)的情境,仍以2008年中國(guó)發(fā)生的重大事件為背景,讓學(xué)生回顧在他們心目中記憶猶新、銘刻在心的事件,巧用一般過去時(shí),書寫一篇小短文,進(jìn)一步鞏固本堂課的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容。

Homework

Think about an important thing which happened in 2008 and write a passage about it.