中考閱讀理解題解題全攻略

閱讀理解題在各地中考試卷中所占分值特別大，能否做好閱讀理解題是決定中考成敗的關鍵。

命題特點

1. 語篇選材多為時文，題材多樣化，信息豐富。選材包括日常生活、傳說、人物傳記、社會、文化、新聞、史地、科普、政治、經濟等，原汁原味，語言地道純正，具有鮮明的英語語言文化特點。有較為豐富的文化蘊涵，重視社會熱點問題，追蹤科技前沿，具有濃厚的時代氣息，使閱讀考查更貼近實際生活。體裁多樣化(記敘文、說明文、議論文、應用文等)，各種體裁的文章所占比例也比較均勻。剔除了有學科、性別、城鄉差別等傾向的文章，遵循了公平、公正的原則。

2. 堅持把閱讀技能作為考查目標。命題主要考查學生對文章中敘述的具體事實的理解能力(包括時間、地點、人物、事件等)，以及根據上下文對某些詞義、句義的推斷理解能力和對文章主旨大意、作者觀點和態度的理解及對考生的邏輯推理和判斷能力的考查。

3. 增加了生詞量，加大了對推斷詞義能力的考查。要求考生必須根據上下文或整篇文章才能做出推斷，以此檢測考生利用構詞法等知識猜測詞義的能力，進而在較高級的措辭中，探查作者的隱含意思。

4. 考點分布合理，試題設計科學，干擾項編制水平高。試題設計符合考生的認知水平，有效地避免了違背生活常識和語段本意的偏題、怪題;題干簡潔明晰，既避免了長句、難句，又避免了生硬的套語;選項表意清楚，關系合理，干擾有效，答案惟一，避免了模棱兩可的選項設計。干擾項只有涉及到語篇內容才有可能發揮干擾功能，各地在命題時都能把握住這一點，不少試題在干擾項的編制上水平較高。

中考閱讀理解題，無論題材和體裁如何，其命題的種類可以歸納為四種:細節題、詞義題、推理題和主旨題。

解題技巧

1.細節題

《英語課程標準(實驗稿)》中有關閱讀最基本的要求是:“能從一般性文章中獲取和處理主要信息。”對這種“獲取和處理主要信息”能力的考查，主要采用的方式就是“細節判斷”。這類題在中考閱讀理解題中占有相當大的比例，做好這類題是確保基礎分的關鍵。同時，弄清細節，正確獲取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。

做這類題的一般方法是，通過略讀把握文章中心后，再通過“尋讀法”快速確定該細節在文中的出處(信息源)，對照選項進行“三錯一對或三對一錯”的判斷。若該信息句是長句或難句，要學會找出其主干部分，分析句子結構，正確理解信息句的意義。命題者在出這類題時慣用“偷梁換柱、張冠李戴”的手法來迷惑考生(如對原句細微處做改動;截取原文詞語或結構進行改造;或者因果倒置，把A的觀點說成B的觀點等)，所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是解答該類試題的關鍵。例如:

...In the spring， a male roadrunner begins looking for a female as a mate. When he finds one， he gives her presents — a snake to eat or a branch to use in building a nest. ... (2009年鹽城保留原題號)

35.When a male roadrunner looks for a female， it usually gives her .

A. wings B. nests C. feathers D. gifts

【簡析】解該題時，根據問題，可以在文章中直接找到解題的信息所在(he gives her presents)，根據同義表達可以快速得到正確答案D項。

2.詞義題

猜詞是應用英語的重要能力之一。它不但需要準確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯。同時，我們要學會“順藤摸瓜”，通過構詞、語法、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、上下文等線索推斷詞義。

◆構詞法猜詞。 新課程標準要求初中畢業生能掌握合成法、派生法和轉化法這三種構詞法，中考命題往往從這幾個方面來測試考生的掌握情況。例如:

...Three years later when it was time for Wang Dan to go to school， Wang Xiaoyan decided he would carry her. The girl has repaid him by her excellent studies. (2008年福州)

What does the underlined word “repaid” mean?

A. 付款B. 賠償C. 報答D. 貸款

【簡析】repaid這個詞可以根據構詞法把它拆成re和paid。其中paid是詞根，re意為“再，又”，因此repaid是“報答”的意思。選C 。

◆利用定義解釋猜詞。有些文章，特別是科技文章，通常會對一些關鍵詞給予定義，我們可以利用定義來猜測這些詞的意思。例如:

...Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people; one player tried to get the other down on the floor... (2008年恩施)

What is the Chinese meaning of the underlined word “wrestling” in the paragraph?

A. 摔跤B. 射擊C. 賽馬D. 拳擊

【簡析】解該題時只要根據定語從句中解釋說明的內容就可以知道該題的正確答案是A項。

◆利用同義詞或者近義詞猜詞。在生詞所出現的上下文中，有時會出現與之同義或近義的詞語或結構，這時可從熟悉的詞語中推知生詞的含義。通常在詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或or，這些詞語或短語在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or連接的兩項內容在含義上是接近的或遞進的，由此可確定同等關系中的某個生詞所屬的義域，進而推斷出它的大致詞義。例如:

...Animals have different living habits. Some like to look for food at daytime and sleep at night， but some like to sleep at daytime and prowl at night...(2008年泰安)

The word “prowl” most nearly means .

A. 追逐B. 廝殺C. 隱藏D. 覓食

【簡析】通過這些并列句可以看出prowl與look for food 是近義詞，詞義也應該是“尋找食物”，所以D項正確。

◆利用經驗常識猜詞。由于閱讀材料來源于生活，所以有些詞匯題僅僅憑借生活常識就可以輕松“搞定”。例如:

... After the earthquake:

●Check， take care of injuries and help make sure people around you are all right.

●Watch out for aftershocks.

●Protect yourself by wearing long pants， a long-sleeved(長袖的) shirt and strong shoes.

●Listen to the radio for the latest information. (2008年 寧波)

The underlined word “aftershocks” in the passage means “” in Chinese.

A. 震感B. 震源C. 余震D. 防震

【簡析】閱讀完材料后，結合生活常識可以知道地震后，人們要當心“余震”，故本題的正確答案應該是C項。

◆利用舉例猜詞。

為了說明或證實自己的觀點，作者往往會舉例，借助這些例子可幫助我們猜測生詞。例如:

...I have found Lucy is quite generous， for example， whenever she meets a beggar， she gives some coins to him... (2007年江油)

What is the Chinese meaning of the word “generous”?

A. 溫和的B. 慷慨的C. 公平的D. 優雅的

【簡析】通過例句“每次遇到乞丐，她都會給一些硬幣”，可以猜測出“generous”的詞義應該是“慷慨的”。選B。

◆利用詞義的關聯性來猜詞。 任何一個單詞在句子中總是與其他詞相關聯的，我們可以通過這些前后的關聯來猜測生詞的詞義。 例如:

...I wish this medicine may really cure my backache... (2007年咸寧)

The word “cure” most nearly meansin Chinese.

A. 治理B. 診斷 C. 治愈D. 診療

【簡析】在猜測“cure”一詞的時候，如果關注到“medicine(藥物)”和 “backache(背疼)”，利用詞義的關聯性，可以猜測 “cure”意為 “治愈”。選C。

3.推理判斷題

推理判斷試題屬于高層次閱讀理解題，很多考生對此類題型的解答感到很吃力，沒有把握。其解題技法為:

①利用語境的褒貶性進行信息推斷

幾乎每篇文章的語境都有一定的褒貶性，這種褒貶性反映了主人公的特定心理、情緒狀態及作者的寫作意圖，因此利用好文章的語境褒貶性，就能在把握文章主旨的基礎上對文章進行準確的邏輯判斷。認真閱讀原文并找出反映語境褒貶性及變化的標志性詞匯或句子，對我們掌握文章主旨，了解主人公的心理特點及發展變化，從而正確地進行邏輯推斷很有好處。例如:

Sally was a student. It was going to be her mother’s birthday. She wanted to buy her a present that would be nice and useful but not expensive.

She went shopping after a quick and simple lunch. After she looked for half an hour， she found a shop that was selling cheap umbrellas， and she decided to take a black one.

She thought， “Mom can carry it when she is wearing clothes of any color.” So she bought a lovely black umbrella and took it to school with her until her class finished... (2008年施恩)

Which sentence has the same meaning as “Mom can carry it when she is wearing clothes of any color”?

A. Mom must carry it when she is wearing any clothes.

B. Mom is beautiful in any clothes.

C. The color of the umbrella is OK for Mom’s clothes of any color.

D. Mom can buy any clothes that she likes to wear.

【簡析】解該題時，如果考慮到作者的心理特點就可以知道:孩子都熱愛自己的母親;再結合上下文中的一些具有褒義信息的詞語(so，lovely等)可以知道買黑色的傘是為了和母親所穿的任何顏色的服裝相配。故C項正確。

②根據文章的結論推斷作者的態度

作者的態度、傾向是指作者對所陳述的觀點是贊同、反對還是猶豫不定，對記敘或描寫的人、物或事件等是贊頌、同情、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨等。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾的詞語之中。因此，在推斷過程中，應特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達感情色彩的形容詞。例如:

It was the last day of the final examination in a college. On the steps of building， a group of engineering students were waiting for the last exam. On their faces was confidence.

They knew the exam would be easy. The professor (a teacher at a college) had said they could bring any books or notes during the test.

Right after they came into the classroom，the professor handed out the papers. There were only five questions on it.

Three hours passed. Then the professor began to collect the papers. The students no longer looked confident. On their faces was nervous expression. The professor watched the worried faces before him， and then asked， “How many of you have completed all five questions?” No hand was raised. “How many of you have answered four?” Still no hands. “Three? Two?” The students moved restlessly in their seats. “One， then?Certainly somebody has finished one.” But the class kept silent. The professor said， “That is exactly what I expected. I just want to make you know clearly that even though you have completed four years of engineering，there are still many things about the subject you don’t know. These questions you could not answer are common in everyday practice.” Then， smiling， he added， “You will all pass this course， your education has just begun.”

The years have obscured (模糊) the name of this professor， but not the lesson he taught. (2008年 鹽城)

What could the students learn from the last exam?

A. He laughs best who laughs last. B. A good beginning is half done.

C. One is never too old to learn. D. The early bird catches the worm.

【簡析】閱讀完材料，在了解故事的情節的基礎上，可以知道，作者之所以難忘這堂課，是因為在這堂課上，他學到了一個深刻的道理:學無止境。所以C項正確。

③結合已有的相關知識進行推斷

這是根據文章中所闡述的細節，運用自己掌握的相關知識進行分析、推敲，從而得出符合文章原義的結論的一種推理方法。巧妙運用該方法可以大大提高解題速度。例如:

...In 1842 Darwin went to live in Kent， and there he continued his studies of change in nature. Darwin understood that plants and animals are not always the same， and that they really change.

By 1859 Darwin had finished his famous book “The Origin of Species”.

In 1871 Darwin wrote another important book.

Darwin continued his studies in science until he died in 1882.(2008年鹽城)

Which book was written by Darwin in 1871?

A. The Origin of Species. B. The Theory of Relativity.

C. The Theory of Evolution.D. The Old Man and the Sea.

【簡析】解該題時，考生除了需要看懂閱讀材料外，還需要運用一些跨學科的知識。例如:考生要根據 “The Old Man and the Sea”知道這是海明威所寫的《老人與海》;考生還要知道 “The Theory of Relativity”是愛因斯坦所著的《相對論》。最后，再結合材料所給的內容，又可以排除A項。所以C項正確，達爾文在1871年寫的書是《進化論》。

4.主旨大意題

主旨大意題主要考查學生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。這類試題考查的一般范圍是:基本論點、文章標題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎上能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法，對文章進行高度概括或總結，屬于高層次題。或做主題概括類試題多采用瀏覽法，瀏覽時，一般不需逐句瀏覽，只需選讀文章的首段、尾段或每段的首句和尾句，重點搜索主題線索和主題信息。在中考中，不少閱讀材料的主旨大意題都是以選擇文章的標題這一形式出現的。那么如何選擇文章的標題呢?

◆要在閱讀原文的基礎上，仔細考慮這句話或短語與文章主題是否有密切的聯系;

◆要看它對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何;

◆要注意題目是過大還是過小;

◆要避免下列三種錯誤:①概括不夠(多表現為部分代整體，從而導致范圍太小);②過度概括(多表現為人為擴大范圍);③以事實、細節替代抽象的大意。

要選好合適的標題，還需要了解標題的基本擬定方式。一般來說，標題的擬定方式是:以話題為核心，將主題句按一定的語法濃縮為概括主題或中心思想的詞組。例如:

We are often asked to make a speech in life. Most of us are afraid of it and don’t do a good job. Here are some simple steps to make your speech a successful one. First of all， find out everything you can about your subject and at the same time find out as much as you can about your audience. Who are they?What do they know about your subject?Put yourself in their shoes as you prepare your speech. Then try to arrenge your material so that your speech is clear and easy to follow. Use as many examples as possible. Never forget your audience. Don’t talk over their heads or talk down to them. When you are giving your speech， speak slowly and clearly， look at your audience and pause for a few seconds from time to time to give your audience chances to think over what you’ve said. Just remember: be prepared， know your subject and your audience， say what you have to say and be yourself so that your ideas will bring you and your audience together.(2008年 無錫)

Which title best gives the main idea of the passage?

A. How to Remember the Audience

B. How to Pick out the Topic for a Speech

C. How to Prepare the Material for a Speech

D. How to Improve Your Speech

【簡析】閱讀完該材料后，可以發現“Here are some simple steps to make your speech a successful one.”是這段材料的主題句。此時再對所提供的四個選項進行分析，可以發現A、B、C三項都只涉及這一主題的某個部分，而D項和主題句高度吻合。

迎考專練

A

The following is from Priory School—a British middle school about school uniform.

Priory School Uniform Rules

Priory School uniform is simple， neat and practical. We have found that parents and students appreciate our dress ideas.

Priory School uniform is produced in Wards， High Street，Lewes.

Necessary for all years

ShirtEither a white school shirt， or a simple white “polo” shirt under the sweater.

TrousersBlack， “school uniform” type. Not jeans or fashion trousers.

Skirt(girls)Black， simple， knee-length regulation school skirt. (Not fashion wear.)

ShoesSimple black leather， or leather-like shoes with no patterns， colors， logos (標志)， or colored laces (飾帶).

Optional (可選擇的)

SweatershirtA black sweatershirt with “Priory School” woven on it.

SweaterA black fine-knit v-neck sweater， with “Priory School” woven on it.

T-shirtIf students wish to wear a T-shirt under the school shirt， it must be simple white;no neck-sweaters should be worn.

CoatCoats should not be worn in school.

SocksBlack， grey or white. Girls may wear black or grey warm tights in cold weather.

Clothes of famous logos should not be brought to school. All students are expected to arrive with the correct clothes for PE lessons. No jewelry of any kind to be worn.

To help make clear our dress ideas， designs and models can be viewed on the school website www.priory.e-susses.sch.uk.

1. The underlined word “Lewes” is probably the name of _______.

A. a head teacher of the schoolB. a producer or a company

C. a middle schoolD. a city or a town

2. Which is the proper wear for a student in Priory School?

A. A white shirt， jeans and black shoes.

B. A pink T-shirt， a black skirt， and grey socks.

C. A white T-shirt， black trousers of “school uniform” type and black shoes.

D. A coat， trendy black trousers and black leather shoes.

3. The students in Priory School can wear _______ in PE lessons.

A. a school shirtB. ringsC. earringsD. Adidas sports shoes

4. If you want more information about the school uniform rules， you can _______.

A. make a telephone call B. visit the school website

C. send an E-mail D. write a letter

Keys:1—4 D C A B

B

Simple E-mails from our yapprs

1. Yappr is a _______ .

A. websiteB. magazineC. computerD. newspaper

2. Yappr can help people _______.

A. meet famous people B. make lots of money

C. to be famousD. learn English well

3. On the websiet， Sinson mainly _______ .

A. reads some English novelsB. watches videos in English

C. writes some English songsD. learns how to sing English songs

4. The underlined word “fresh-hand” means people _______.

A. who have learned English for many years B. who can speak a little English

C. who haven’t learned English beforeD. who do well in English

Keys:1—4 A D B B

C

“Visitors to the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai will be able to go sightseeing in super cool cars with no drivers，” Shanghai city officials (官員) said recently. When a prototype (樣品) of the six-seat car was shown to the public， it interested many people.

“The car will help visitors feel what high technology is and help them enjoy the tour of the World Expo site，” said a professor (教授) from Tongji University. The prototype， 4.5 metres long， 1.7 metres wide， and 1.6 metres tall， runs along a white line. The car can reach a top speed of 50 kilometres per hour. It will take around 300，000 yuan to make such a car.

According to the researchers， any visitor in the car will be the driver. Visitors will be able to drive the car anywhere in the World Expo site by pressing a button. If they want to get off， all they need to do is just to press the button again to stop the car.

“People can rent such a car for a whole day or just take a ride in it from one place to another，” the professor said. About 400 to 500 of these cars will be made for the Expo in 2010. The cars will have radar(雷達) to help them get around. They will mainly use solar batteries and lithium (鋰) batteries. As they don’t need drivers or oil， these cars will help save energy and labour power， and cause no pollution to the environment.

1. Which of the following isn’t mentioned in the second paragraph?

A. The speed of the cars.B. The shape of the cars.

C. The cost of making the cars.D. The number of the cars.

2. What does the underlined phrase“labour power” mainly refer to in the passage?

A. Solar batteriesB. OilC. Lithium batteriesD. Drivers

3. Which of the following statements is wrong according to the last paragraph?

A. The car will not pollute the air. B. The car will use a little oil.

C. The car can help save energy. D. The car will use radar.

4. What’s the best title for the passage?

A. The 2010 World ExpoB. Cars and air pollution

C. Cool cars with no driversD. Radar first used in cars

Keys:1—4 D D B C

D

Many processed(加工的) foods already have salt in them. Fast foods often have a lot of salt in them. Canned(罐裝的) foods often have salt. Packed foods such as biscuits have salt. Packed foods like potato chips have a lot of salt in them.

There is often a lot of salt in foods because people like the taste of salty food. However， too much salt is not good for you.

Sometimes the word salt is not mentioned but sodium (鈉) is. Do you know salt is sodium chloride(氯化物)? If you know how much sodium is in food， you can find how much salt in it.

How much salt should kids eat a day?

★1-3 years ——2g

★4-6 years ——3g

★7-10 years ——5g

★11 and over ——6g

You don’t need any more salt than this. If your mom or dad is cooking，then ask them not to add much salt. You will still find that the food tastes really good. It can also help your mom or dad to cut down to a healthier level of salt.

1. Which of the following foods don’t have salt in them?

①potatoes②tomatoes③potato chips④biscuits⑤apples

A. ①②④B. ②③⑤C. ②③④D. ①②⑤

2. What can you learn from the third paragraph?

A. People don’t need any salt.

B. Salt is sodium chloride.

C. You can never find soldium in packed foods.

D. Too much salt is not good for one’s health.

3. If Mike is 10 years old， how much salt should he eat a day?

A. 5gB. 6gC. 7gD. 8g

4. What’s the best title for the passage?

A. How to Be a Good Cook?B. How Much Salt Do You Need?

C. What is Healthy Food for Kids?D. Packed Food is Good for Your Health.

Keys:1—4 D B A B

E

Ways to Spend Your Days Off

1. In the five countries， the most popular activity is _______.

A. spending time with friendsB. watching TV

C. going shoppingD. relaxing at home

2. In _______， the second most popular activity is spending time online on their days off.

A. JapanB. Korea C. the USAD. Sweden

3. In _______， 59.1% of people like to go shopping when they are free.

A. JapanB. the USA C. SwedenD. Germany

4. In Germany， ______ of people go to the movies， theaters and sports centers.

A. 46.9% B. 42.6% C. 42.3% D. 27.7%

Keys:1—4 A B C B

F

It is easier to find songs for adults than for kids. The market in children’s music is growing， however. Babies learn about music from the simple songs that their parents sing to them. When the children are older， their parents might teach them songs as part of a game. BB King’s recording of Rainy Day Blues follows this tradition. Most of BB King’s fans， however， may not know Bluessongs for adults.

BB King， a great Blues musician， recorded Rainy Day Blues for a company called Music for Little People.

The company began when a man named Leib Ostrow was looking for songs for his children. He looked for them in stores and looked through books. He could not find anything that he really liked， so he decided to begin a recording company of his own. Soon he was recording music for children. Many parents thought it was a great idea. So did many recording artists.

Music for Little People is located in northern California. It started as a mail-order business in 1985. Today it is one of the largest children’s musical and educational companies in the United States.

1. Rainy Day Blues is a(n)_______.

A. bookB. articleC. companyD. song

2. The underlined word “located” probably means “_______” in Chinese.

A. 起源于B. 坐落于 C. 追隨于 D. 針對于

3. If people wanted to buy music from Music for Little People in 1985，_______ could help them.

A. pilotsB. waiters C. singers D. postmen

4. Which would be the best title for this passage?

A. Rainy Day BluesB. Music for Little People

C. Leib Ostrow， a Kind Father D. BB King， a Great Blues Musician

Keys:1—4 D B D B