從高考題出發(fā)探究過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式之間的區(qū)別

李 鴻

(浙江省溫州育英國(guó)際實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校)

過去分詞done與現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式being done，having been done在高考中經(jīng)常會(huì)考測(cè)到。以近三年的全國(guó)各地的高考題為例。

1.（2011 天津卷,12） into English,the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.

A.Translating B.Translated

C.To translate D.Having translated

2.（2011福建卷,23）Tsinghua University, in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.

A.found B.founding

C.founded D.to be founded

3. （2010 山東卷，29）The living room is clean and tidy,with a dining table already

for a meal to be cooked.

A.laid B.laying

C.to lay D.being laid

4.（2009 四川，10） _____many times,he finally understood it.

A.Told B.Telling C.Having told D.Having been told它們?cè)诰渲凶龆ㄕZ、賓語補(bǔ)足語和狀語時(shí)的區(qū)別如下所述。

1.做定語時(shí)的區(qū)別

過去分詞作定語放在所修飾的詞前后均可以。但是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語一般只放在所修飾的詞后邊。例如：

This is an inspired suggestion.

The country,covered with cherry tree flowers,looks as though it is covered with pink snow.

The question being discussed is of great importance.

The building having been built a week before is our hospital.

2.做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式做賓語補(bǔ)足語表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，而過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。例如：

I saw the bike being repaired.（正在被修）

I saw the bike repaired.（已經(jīng)修好）

但，在let等使役動(dòng)詞后帶的賓語補(bǔ)足語中則只能使用過去分詞。

I must have my hair cut.

3.做狀語時(shí)的區(qū)別

Done除了表示被動(dòng)外，還可以表示完成。Being done除了表示被動(dòng)外，還可以表示正在進(jìn)行。做伴隨狀語的時(shí)候兩者可以互換。Having been done往往強(qiáng)調(diào)在主句謂語動(dòng)詞之前已經(jīng)完成，或者已經(jīng)持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如果不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的先后或時(shí)間的持續(xù)，則直接用done的形式。

The boy was running along the street,(being)followed by a dog.

(Being)Written in haste,the book has many mistakes.

=Having been written in haste,the book has many mistakes.

有時(shí)，雖然表示的時(shí)間概念相同，但是有細(xì)微的差別。

Having been shown a lab,we left.(表現(xiàn)從容)

Shown a lab,we left.（表達(dá)一種急促感）

過去分詞在句中做狀語時(shí)，根據(jù)需要可以在前面加上when,while,until,once,though,although,as long as等相應(yīng)的連詞（as除外）.

Unless invited,I won’t attend the gettogether.

Certain poisons,used as medicines,in small quality,proved beneficial.

(過去分詞此處表示條件，不可以代之以being used)

在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，三者均可使用。

The joke(having been)told,let’s turn to the subject.

但是，在一些較固定搭配的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般多使用過去分詞。

Everything taken into consideration,his plan seems more practical.

(答案：BCAD)

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[2]張道真.張道真高中英語語法[M].山東科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，2007.9.

[3]龔亞夫.高中必備語法[M].北京教育科學(xué)出版社，2011.4.