在英語學(xué)習(xí)中,than是出現(xiàn)頻率較高的一個詞,用法也較為復(fù)雜,因此掌握than的用法不僅要從詞法的角度去考慮,而且要注意其構(gòu)成的句型和短語,本文就其所在的句型及短語進行語義分析,以期在英語學(xué)習(xí)中對大家有所幫助。
一、用于表示比較的句型中
(一)單純表示比較級的句型: A+謂語+形容詞或副詞的比較級+than+B。例如:Mary sings better than anyone else in the class.瑪麗比班上任何人唱得都好。
(二)表示比較倍數(shù)的句型:A+謂語+數(shù)詞+times+形容詞/副詞的比較級+than+B。
例如:This classroom is twice bigger than that one.這間教室是那間教室的兩倍大。
(三)用比較級結(jié)構(gòu)表示最高級的含義的句型:
1?郾主語+謂語+比較級+than+the others/anyone else/any (other)+單數(shù)名詞/any of the others/any of the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞。例如:
(1)China is larger than any other country in Asia.中國比亞洲其他任何一個國家都大。
(2)He is older than any of the other boys in his class.他比他班上任何同學(xué)年紀都大。
2?郾“No one+謂語+比較級+than+sb.”或“No other+單數(shù)名詞+謂語+比較級+than+sb./sth.”。例如:
(1)No one can be more fit for his office than he is.沒有人比他更適合擔(dān)任這個職務(wù)了。
(2)No other river is longer than the Changjiang?River in China.在中國,沒有一條河流比長江更長。
二、在表意愿的句型中
構(gòu)成 would do sth. rather than do sth.; would rather do sth. than do sth.或prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.結(jié)構(gòu),意為“寧愿做……而不愿……”。例如:
(1)They would rather starve than give way.他們寧愿餓死也不妥協(xié)。
(2)The children would walk there rather than take a bus.孩子們寧愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽車。
(3)He preferred to stay at home rather than go with us.他寧愿呆在家里,而不愿跟我們一起去。
三、與than構(gòu)成的短語
(一)No sooner ... than意為“一……就……”,引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句(從這里可以知道, no sooner后面是主句; than后面是從句),且當此結(jié)構(gòu)置于句首時,表示強調(diào),主句要倒裝。例如:
(1)I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.我一到家天就下起雨來。
(2)No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.我一到家天就下起雨來。
注意:No sooner ... than一般用來描述做過的事情,它不能用于表示將來的事。
(二)more than和less than。
1.more than可放在數(shù)詞之前,意為“超過;不止;以上”,用于此意義時可與over互換使用。例如:
Altogether more than 70 percent of the surface of our planet is covered by water.整體說來,我們這個星球表面有 70%以上都為水所覆蓋。
2.more than可放在名詞之前,表示“不只是;不僅僅”。例如:
(1)Hibernation is more than sleep.冬眠不僅僅是睡眠。
(2)Bamboo is used for more than building.竹子不只是用于建筑。
3.more than用于形容詞或副詞前,作“非常;十分”解,與very和much同義。例如:
(1)She is more than careful in doing things.她做事非常細心。
(2)In class, he listens more than attentively.在課堂上,他聽講十分認真。
4.more than之后接含有can的從句時,常表示否定意義。此時,從句中的謂語動詞必須是及物動詞,并且與句子的主語呈現(xiàn)邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。例如:
This secret is more than we can let out.這個秘密我們是不能泄露的。(主語secret是let out的邏輯賓語)
比較:less than后面接形容詞、副詞時,意為“不;很少;不到”,具有否定意義。例如:
(1)We were busy and less than delighted to have company that day.
那天我們很忙,不高興有客人來。
(2)The young man is less than twenty years old.
這個年輕人不到20歲。
(三)more... than和less... than。
1.more... than意為“與其……不如……”;“是……而不是……”,常可與“rather than”或“not so much ... as”互換使用。例如:
(1)The elephant’s nose is more like a spear than anything else. = The elephant’s nose is like a spear rather than anything else. = The elephant’s nose is not so much like anything else as like a spear.
與其說大象的鼻子像別的什么東西,不如說它像一根長矛。
(2)He is more poltroon than cautious.
與其說他謹慎,不如說他是怯懦。
2. more ... than之后接含有can的從句時,同樣表示否定意義。例如:
Tom has more insolence than I can stand. = Tom’s insolence is more than I can stand.
湯姆的傲慢使我難以忍受。
比較: ①less ... than意為“不像……;不是……”。例如:
Joseph is less honest than his brother. 約瑟夫不像他兄弟那樣誠實。
②比……少,不如……多。如:We drink less coffee than tea.我們喝咖啡不如喝茶多。
③與其……不如……。如:I regard him less as my teacher than as my friend.與其說我把他當作老師,不如說我是把他當作朋友。注:表示此義時,可與more ... than結(jié)構(gòu)替換(但要注意詞序的變化)。如:He is less a teacher than an expert./He is more an expert than a teacher.與其說他是老師,不如說他是專家。
(四)no more than和no less than。
no more than用在名詞或數(shù)詞前,意思為“只有;僅僅;不過(=only; just)”,例如:
His school education added up to no more than one year.
他所受的學(xué)校教育總共不過一年的時間。
比較:no less than意為“不少于;不下于……之多;多達……”。例如:
In that battle,we wiped out no less than twenty thousand enemies.
在那一次戰(zhàn)役中,我們消滅的敵人不下20,000人。
There is no less than five hundred person at the meeting.
不少于五百人在開會。
(五)not more than和 not less than。
not more than常用于數(shù)詞之前,意為“至多;頂多;不超過”,其意義與 at (the) most相同。例如:
I’ll stay here not more than three days.
我將待在這里最多不超過三天。
比較: not less than意為“不少于”,其意義與at (the) least相同。嚴格地說,no less than和not less than不同,但二者如今均相當于“as many as”。例如:
If the circumstances are serious,they shall be sentenced to not less than five years in prison.情節(jié)嚴重的,處五年以上有期徒刑。
此外,與than相關(guān)的短語還有other than(除了),rather than(而不是)等,對于這些短語,我們只需記住詞義,正確使用即可。
總之,than看似一個很簡單的詞,其語義功能較為復(fù)雜,我們在學(xué)習(xí)和使用的過程中,除了要理解其基本意思之外, 還要懂得其在不同語句、篇章和語境之中的特殊含義。