如何寫好議論文的例子

舉例論證是議論文寫作的一個(gè)重要方法。有些作文題目要求一定要用自己或別人的經(jīng)歷來(lái)舉例，如2009年深圳市的調(diào)研題（一），2009年廣州市的畢業(yè)班綜合測(cè)試題（二），2010年的廣州一模以及今年2011的廣州一模都是這樣的類型。

一、舉例論證中存在的問(wèn)題和解決方法

從這些考試的作文情況來(lái)看，同學(xué)們?cè)趯戇@類作文時(shí)仍存在不少的問(wèn)題，尤其是在舉例子這一部分。一般寫例子論證主要會(huì)出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)問(wèn)題。

問(wèn)題1：例子不當(dāng)。

所舉例子不能證明要證明的觀點(diǎn)，或不夠典型，不能完全體現(xiàn)要說(shuō)明的觀點(diǎn)。

請(qǐng)看2011年廣州一模一考生的作文：

Honesty plays an important role in friendship. Take my friend Jimmy for example. He was called the King of being late by us when we were in Senior 1. At that time， we always organized some activities on weekends such as going hiking and having a trip to relax and promote the friendship. However， we always had to wait for Jimmy for half an hour and the activities were always delayed. Finally， no one wanted to ask Jimmy to join， which made him sad and disappointed.

分析：這個(gè)例子是不妥當(dāng)?shù)模驗(yàn)樗鼪](méi)有體現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)中的“honesty”的要素，例子側(cè)重的是“punctuality（守時(shí)）”這一品質(zhì)的重要性。

解決方法：(1)首先明確需要舉例證明的論點(diǎn)是什么；(2)尋找與論點(diǎn)有共同要素的例子；(3)確定例子；(4)開(kāi)始動(dòng)筆寫例子。

問(wèn)題2：例子冗長(zhǎng)。

所舉例子細(xì)節(jié)過(guò)多，篇幅過(guò)長(zhǎng)，喧賓奪主。

2010年廣州一模要求考生舉例說(shuō)明“Overparenting has negative effects on children.”以下是一考生的作文：

Take my friend Ted as an example. Born in a rich family， he has been looked after well by her parents. He once told us that he was grateful to his parents because of their taking good care of him. However， he said that was also the reason why he felt upset and unhappy. As a result， though he is 18 years old， he still doesn’t know how to cook or do any simple housework， which makes him terribly dependent on others.

分析：這個(gè)例子還算較好，因?yàn)椤癇orn in a rich family， he has been looked after well by her parents.”體現(xiàn)了“overparenting”；“ though he is 18 years old， he still doesn’t know how to cook or do any simple housework”體現(xiàn)了“ negative effects”。但He once told us... that he felt upset and unhappy屬無(wú)關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)。

解決方法：(1)對(duì)能突出中心論點(diǎn)的部分可用一定筆墨進(jìn)行渲染。如上述第二句后可以增加No matter what he wants or no matter where he wants to go， his parents try to cater to/for his needs. (2)與論點(diǎn)無(wú)關(guān)或關(guān)系不大的細(xì)節(jié)要?jiǎng)h去。如He once told us that he was grateful to his parents because of their taking good care of him. However， he said that was also the reason why he felt upset and unhappy.就可以刪除不要。

二、例子和論點(diǎn)之間的連接方式

在表明論點(diǎn)后，舉例之前，常用以下句子來(lái)連接：

1. Take sb. for example以某人為例

2. One of the best examples is that of sb. 最好的例子是某人……

3. The example of sb. best supports the view 某人的例子最好地支持了這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)

4. ... serve as a typical example 作為一個(gè)典型的例子

5. ... can be taken as an example ... ……可以作為一個(gè)例子

6. ... gave us an example that ...給我們舉了一個(gè)例子

7. A good case in point is that...……就是一個(gè)很好的例子

8. I had an unforgettable experience...From the experience I realize that... 我有一次難忘的經(jīng)歷……從這次經(jīng)歷中，我意識(shí)到……

9. The story reminds me of my experience of ... 這個(gè)故事讓我想起了我的一次經(jīng)歷

10. I also had a similar experience， from which I learn that... 我也有一次類似的經(jīng)歷，從這次經(jīng)歷中我學(xué)會(huì)了……

三、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

1. 以下是Helen Keller（海倫·凱勒）的故事要點(diǎn)：Helen Keller was deaf and blind before she learned to speak. With the help of her teacher， Anne Sullivan， Helen learnt to write， read， and speak. She finally became a writer and lecturer， also an inspiration to all.

請(qǐng)以此論證以下三個(gè)不同的論點(diǎn)：

論點(diǎn)一：努力是成功的重要因素。

論點(diǎn)二：面對(duì)困難與挑戰(zhàn)，自信非常重要。

論點(diǎn)三：沒(méi)有別人的幫助就不可能成功。

2. 閱讀下面的短文，然后根據(jù)要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。

In his speech addressed to the students of Tsinghua University on Nov.16， 2005， California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger told them of his early experience as a weightlifter.

“... Now， I remember the first real workout(訓(xùn)練) I had. Eight miles away from my home village in Austria there was a gymnasium， and I rode there on a bicycle and trained for half an hour， because they said that after half an hour you should stop otherwise， you body would get really sore(疼痛). But after half an hour I looked at my body， and nothing had happened. So I said， ‘I’d better work out for another half an hour.’So I lifted some more. My strength didn’t improve; I didn’t see the muscles pop out or anything like that， so I trained for another half an hour. Then I left the gym and rode home. But after the first mile， I got numb (麻木；失去知覺(jué))—— I couldn’t feel the handle of the bicycle anymore —— and I fell off the bike. I got up and tried it again. After another few yards， I fell off again. And I tried it three or four more times and couldn’t ride my bicycle because my body was so numb and my legs felt like noodles.

The next morning when I got up， my body was so sore that I couldn’t even lift my arms to comb my hair. But I learn a very important lesson —— that pain means progress. Pain is progress. Each time my muscles were sore from a workout， I knew that they were growing and that they were getting stronger...”

[寫作內(nèi)容]

1. 以約30個(gè)詞概括以上短文的主要內(nèi)容；

2. 然后以約120個(gè)詞以“Things that bring us pain make us grow”為題寫一篇短文，內(nèi)容包括：

(1)阿諾施瓦辛格的經(jīng)歷給我們的啟示；

(2)以你或他人的經(jīng)歷說(shuō)明痛苦促進(jìn)我們成長(zhǎng)。

參考范文

1.

論點(diǎn)一：Efforts are the most important thing to help you achieve success. Take Helen Keller for example. Helen Keller was born deaf and blind before she learned to speak. She had little real understanding of the world around her. Nevertheless， she made every effort to learn to speak and write. With a great deal of persistence， she finally became a writer and lecturer， who also became an inspiration to all.

論點(diǎn)二：In the face of difficulties and challenges， possessing self-confidence is of great significance. One of the best examples is that of Helen Keller. Helen Keller was born deaf and blind before she learned to speak. She had little real understanding of the world around her， certainly nothing to give her self-confidence. Nevertheless， she believed she could conquer all the difficulties. With this faith， she finally became a writer and lecturer， also an inspiration to all.

論點(diǎn)三：One can not succeed without others’ help. The example of Helen Keller best supports the view. Helen Keller was born deaf and blind before she learned to speak. She had little real understanding of the world around her. Fortunately， she met a good teacher， Anne Sullivan， and the teacher did her utmost to help Helen. With her teacher’s help， she could speak normally and finally became a writer and lecturer.

2.

Arnold Schwarzenegger described his first training as a weightlifter and drew the conclusion that it is through pain that we strengthen ourselves and make progress.

What a tough man he is! From his story， we know that we shouldn’t be afraid of pain and that things that bring us pain make us grow. If he hadn’t exercised more than usual and had given up， his muscle would not have grown so strong.

It is pain that helps us grow. One of my experiences in senior high school is a case in point. I entered my name for the 3，000-metre race in the sports meet and started training for it. After running just 800 meters I had difficulty breathing but I kept on， managing to adjust my breath. Gradually I could run with ease. The next day， my legs were so sore that I once thought of giving up. However， thinking of my teacher and classmates’expectations， I picked up my courage and went on training. As a result， I took the first place in therace and was highly praised by the school. (開(kāi)頭點(diǎn)明觀點(diǎn)型)

Many an example shows that we shouldn’t be afraid of painful experiences which will help us grow stronger both physically and mentally.

另一例子:

His experience reminds me of the time when I first learnt to ride a bicycle as a child. My mother stood aside regardless of my calling for help. I fell off the bicycle again and again and felt really hurt as my arms were wounded. Though painful， I tried once again and eventually managed to ride the bike well. If I hadn’t put up with the pain， I wouldn’t have been able to ride a bike at that time. It is pain that helped me succeed. (結(jié)尾點(diǎn)明觀點(diǎn)型)

(作者單位：佛山市南海區(qū)南海中學(xué))

責(zé)任編校蔣小青