說(shuō)明文的概要寫(xiě)作

一、說(shuō)明文的寫(xiě)作順序

一是以空間為序?qū)κ挛镞M(jìn)行描寫(xiě)；二是以時(shí)間為序?qū)κ挛镞M(jìn)行描寫(xiě)；三是按邏輯順序?qū)κ挛镞M(jìn)行描寫(xiě)。其中，按“邏輯順序”描寫(xiě)的說(shuō)明文又分下面幾種：

一是描寫(xiě)某事物的性質(zhì)功用；二是針對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題提出解決方法或措施；三是介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因或本質(zhì)。

在“讀寫(xiě)任務(wù)”中，純粹的說(shuō)明文作為原文的形式出現(xiàn)比較少，不少文章的文體都是介于“說(shuō)明”和“議論”之間的，單純的說(shuō)明文作為“讀寫(xiě)任務(wù)”的原文主要是以“邏輯順序”出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)檫@樣才能更好地為主體部分的議論或敘述服務(wù)。

二、說(shuō)明文的構(gòu)成

說(shuō)明文通常由三部分構(gòu)成，第一部分為文章的第一段，呈獻(xiàn)文章所要介紹/說(shuō)明的對(duì)象或闡述的內(nèi)容；第二部分為文章的主體，或介紹事物的方位，或描述事物的性質(zhì)、功用，或提出解決方法，或說(shuō)明某種現(xiàn)象等；第三部分為結(jié)尾段，呼應(yīng)首段，歸結(jié)主題。為此，說(shuō)明文的寫(xiě)作，當(dāng)以簡(jiǎn)潔明了的語(yǔ)言描述事物、現(xiàn)象或過(guò)程。通常，說(shuō)明文中常會(huì)（在每段）有topic sentence出現(xiàn)，這為考生寫(xiě)作summary提供了幫助，但考生須對(duì)其作變通以免落下照抄原句之嫌。

三、概要寫(xiě)作模板

1. 描寫(xiě)事物性質(zhì)功用

In the passage the writer introduces ...(對(duì)象)to us， especially its ... (性質(zhì)或功用)， from which we know... (對(duì)象帶來(lái)的利好).

2. 問(wèn)題+解決方法

The passage represents...(問(wèn)題) and brings forth several measures/methods to solve the problem， which include... (方法1)，...(方法2) and ...(方法3).

3. 現(xiàn)象+原因/本質(zhì)

(The author/writer represents/introduces) ...(現(xiàn)象) of ... ， because /but...(原因/本質(zhì)1)， and ... (原因/本質(zhì)2).

四、邏輯順序分析法的運(yùn)用

范例一

閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個(gè)詞概括該文的主要內(nèi)容。

The first recorded design of a humanoid robot was made by Leonardo da Vinci around 1495. Da Vinci’s notebooks， rediscovered in the 1950s， contained detailed drawings for a mechanical king that was obviously able to sit up， wave its arms， and move its head and jaw. The design was likely based on his research recorded in The Vitruvius Man. It is not known whether or not he attempts to build the robot.

The first known functioning robot was created in 1738 by Jacques de Vaucanson， who made an android that played the flute(長(zhǎng)笛)， as well as a mechanical duck that reportedly ate.

The first electronic automatic robots were created by Grey Walter at Bristol University， England in 1948.

Once the technology was advance to the point where people foresaw(預(yù)知)mechanical creatures as more than toys， literary responses to the idea of robots reflected fears that humans would be replaced by their own creations.

Some people believe that robots with artificial intelligence will be widely used in the near future， and that they will be able to do all the things that we humans can do.

提示：按“描寫(xiě)事物性質(zhì)功用”模式來(lái)概括。

參考范文

In the passage， the writer introduces the development of robot to us (對(duì)象)， especially its function and use， from which we know robots may be widely used in people’s daily life one day (對(duì)象帶來(lái)的利好).

范例二

閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個(gè)詞概括該文的主要內(nèi)容。

Climate change has occurred in the past， before people started changing the world， and indeed before humans existed. These shifts were caused by natural cycles that affect Earth’s orbit around the Sun， by changes in solar radiation levels， and by catastrophic natural events such as massive volcanic eruptions.

The last century has seen an average global air temperature rise of nearly 1.4°F(0.8°C) ， measured ground level. This may not seem like much， but the world has warmed by only 7°F(4℃)in the 200 century since the peak of the last Ice Age， so this recent rise indicates a sharp upturn in the rate of warming. At the same time， we have enjoyed a technological revolution that has changed our lives， but this has been made possible only by massive consumption of energy. Most of this energy has been generated using fuel that， when burned， releases carbon dioxide. This has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. The increase closely matches the rise in global air temperature.

提示：按“現(xiàn)象——原因/本質(zhì)”模式來(lái)概括。

參考范文

The writer introduces climate originally changed steadily， but it changed sharply last century (現(xiàn)象) and actually， our modern， energy-hungry way of life should be responsible for it (原因).

練習(xí)

實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí)1：閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個(gè)詞概括該文的主要內(nèi)容。

Friendship with oneself is all important， because without it one cannot be friends with anyone else in the world. — Eleanor Roosevelt

We often focus on building relationships with others that we forget the essential first step: being friends of ourselves. That is the crucial first step if we are to have good relationships with others. How can we have good relationships with others if we don’t even have good relationship with ourselves?

Here are some tips:

1. Forgive yourself

You may have made those mistakes in the past， but is there anything you can do about them? I don’t think so， except learning from them. It’s true that you are not perfect， but neither is everybody else. It’s normal to make mistakes， so do yourself a favor by giving yourself forgiveness.

2. Focus on your strengths

Instead of focusing on your weaknesses， focus on your strengths. You always have some strengths which give you a unique combination nobody else has. Recognize your strengths and build your life around them.

3. Stop comparing yourself with others

You are unique. You can never be like other people， and neither can other people be like you. The way you measure your success is not determined by other people and what they achieve. Instead， it is determined by your own life purpose. You have everything you need to achieve your life purpose， so it's useless to compare yourself with others.

實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí)2：閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個(gè)詞概括該文的主要內(nèi)容。

Scientists find that the hard-working people live longer than average men and women. Career women are healthier than housewives. Evidences show that the jobless are in poorer health than job-holders. An investigation shows that whenever the unemployment rate increases by 1%，the death rate increases correspondingly(相應(yīng)地) by 2%. All this comes down to one point：work is helpful to health.

Why is work good for health？ It is because work keeps people busy，away from loneliness and solitude. Researches show that people feel unhappy，worried and solitary when they have nothing to do. Instead，the happiest are those who are busy. Many high achievers who love their careers feel they are most happy when they are working hard. Work serves as a bridge between man and reality. By work，people come into contact with each other. By collective activity，they find friendship and warmth. This is helpful to health. The loss of work means the loss of everything. It affects man spiritually and hence makes him likely to disease.

Besides，work gives one the sense of fulfillment and a sense of achievement. Work makes one feel his value and status in society. When a writer finishes his writing or a doctor successfully operates on a patient or a teacher sees his students progress，they are happy beyond words.

參考范文

實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí)1

The passage stresses the importance of being friends of ourselves and gives a few tips， such as forgiving ourselves， concentrating on our advantages and not comparing ourselves with others. (問(wèn)題+解決方法)

實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí)2

The author highlights the effect of work on people’s health， because it can rid one of loneliness， and make one feel fruitful and proud of himself， which always contributes to a good body. （現(xiàn)象+原因）

(作者單位：梅州市曾憲梓中學(xué))

責(zé)任編校 蔣小青