語法填空中的一個重要考點是,給出動詞的原形,要求考生根據句子結構的需要給出其正確的形式。在五年高考題,每年必考兩個小題,有時還會有三個小題。為此,本人試圖以“形”“色”“時”“勢”四個方面來談談語法填空之動詞解題思路。
一、察“形”,確定性質
“形”即形式,重點從形式上觀察句子結構,判斷所給動詞在句中作謂語還是非謂語。空格或括號中所給動詞位于主語之后,又沒有別的謂語動詞,所給動詞就是謂語動詞。
請觀察以下兩組句子
1. A. When he_________(watch) TV, he fell asleep.
B. When _________(watch)TV, he fell asleep.
分析:A句,在when引導的時間狀語從句中,watch位于主語he之后,且該從句中沒有別的謂語動詞,顯然watch充當從句中的謂語。B句,雖有連詞when,但沒有主語,故不為從句,動詞應為非謂語。(參考答案:A句was watching;B句watching)
2. A. He_________(tell) many times, but he still couldn’t understand it .
B. _________(tell) many times, he still couldn’t understand it.
分析:A句,tell在主語he之后,此分句中又沒有別的謂語動詞,tell應為謂語動詞。B句中沒有連詞,在主語he后已有謂語動詞couldn’t understand,所以tell應為非謂語動詞。(參考答案:A句was told;B句Having been told)
二、觀“色”,判別語態
“色”即貨色,即判斷謂語動詞該用主動語態還是用被動語態,非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語是主動關系還是被動關系。
1. Ms Chen_________(teach) me English since Junior 1, and to show my appreciation I decided to get her a present.
分析:因Ms Chen與teach是主動關系,所以要用主動語態。(參考答案:had taught / had been teaching)
2. I was certain she would like it because I _________(tell) by my classmates that she loved hot food.
分析:因及物動詞tell后沒有賓語,可知I與tell是被動關系,要用被動語態。(參考答案:was told)
有時還要考慮是直陳語氣還是虛擬語氣。如:
One of them was a visitor, saying he wouldn’t have been there if he_________(watch) the weather forecast the day before.
分析:因he與watch是主動關系,用主動語態;由wouldn’t have been與the day before可知,這是與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。(參考答案:had watched)
3. We must practise speaking and _________(write) the language whenever we can.
分析:we與write是主動關系,因write與speaking并列作practise的賓語,所以也要用動名詞,故填writing。
4. We must also consider the reaction of the person_________(receive) the gift.
分析:因the person與receive是主動關系,用現在分詞作定語,故填receiving。
5. With the problem _________(solve), I felt proud of my achievement.
分析:因the problem與solve是被動關系,用過去分詞作賓語補足語,故填solved。
6. A._________(see) from space, the earth looks blue.
B. _________(see) from space, we can see the earth is blue.
分析:句A中的the earth與see是被動關系,用過去分詞,故填Seen。
句B中的we與see是主動關系,用現在分詞,故填Seeing。
三、審“時”,確定時態
“時”即時態之意。在確定了主動或被動后,就要根據時間狀語和上下文謂語動詞的提示判斷用哪種時態。若是現在分詞,還要根據該動詞的動作與謂語動詞的動作發生的先后關系,確定用一般式、進行式,還是完成式。
1. By now researchers _________(discover) that interacting with animals lowers a person’s blood pressure.
分析:在主語researchers之后,discover應為謂語動詞;researchers與discover是主動關系,要用主語態;由時間狀語by now可知,要用現在完成時,故填have discovered。
2. A. The building _________(build) now will be a restaurant.
B. The building _________(build) next year will be a restaurant.
C. The building _________(build) last year is a restaurant.
分析:句A中now 說明大樓正在被修建,故用進行式,故填being built。
句B中next year說明大樓將在明年被修建,表將來,用不定式,故填to be built。
句C中last year說明大樓是去年被修建的,用過去分詞,故填built。
3. A. He stood there_________(wait) for his mother.
B._________(wait) for two hours, he went away.
分析:句A的意思是“站在那兒等”,wait與stood這兩個動作同時發生,作伴隨狀語,故用現在分詞,故填waiting。
句B中的wait發生在went away之前,又有for two hours提醒,故用完成式,故填Having waited。
四、度“勢”,重視語境
“勢”即情景之意,也就是要求考生把握好上下文的語境。如果脫離或忽略了所給動詞的語境,有時很難得出正確的答案。
1. All in a sudden, the squirrel_________(appear). We felt so sad.
分析:appear 有主語the squirrel之后,應為謂語動詞;且the squirrel與appear是主動關系,用主動語態;由下句謂語動詞felt可知,要用一般過去時;根據語境,即下句中的felt so sad可知,是the squirrel不見了,故填disappeared。
2. I noticed a man sitting at the front. He _________(pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.
分析:在主語He后,pretend顯然是謂語動詞;因he與pretend是主動關系,要用主動語態;由上下文謂語動詞的時態可知,用過去時態;由語境,即后文的and giving可知,應用過去進行時,故填was pretending。
有時括號中給的動詞,既不是謂語動詞,也不是非謂語動詞,可能是詞性轉換。如:
But Jane knew from past experience that her 36
(choose)of ties hardly ever pleased her father.(2009廣東)
分析:在that引導的賓語從句中作主語應當用名詞,或者說,在形容詞性物主代詞后,一定是用名詞形式,故填choice。
總之,我們在做括號中給出動詞的試題時,必須重視“觀形、察色、審時、度勢”四個環節,分清所給動詞是做謂語還是非謂語,與主語或邏輯主語是主動關系還是被動關系,是用一般式、進行式還是完成時,此外,還要重視結合語境分析。這四個環節對這類填空題的解題思路指明了方向,為準確快速解答這類題增添了一把鑰匙。這是本人多年教學的歸納和探索,希望對師生們有所裨益。
(作者單位:汕頭市岐山中學)
責任編校 蔣小青