從2007年開始,高考英語廣東卷中就有了語法填空題,此題的要求是:閱讀短文,按照句子結構的語法性和上下文連貫的要求,在空格處填入一個適當的詞或使用括號中詞語的正確形式填空。
從2007年至2011年的高考題來看,每年的語法填空題都考查謂語動詞的形式。如:
2007年:The sun was setting when my car 31 (break)down near a remote village. ...
2008年:This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their natural course. Being too anxious to help an event develop often 40 (result) in the contrary to our intention.
2009年:...people stepped on your feet or 34 (push) you with their elbows, hurrying ahead to get to a bargain. ...Her mother was excited. “Your father has at last decided to stop smoking,” Jane 40 (inform).
2010年:He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder who had been his teacher. After a four-day journey, the young man 33 (present) the water to the old man. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled warmly, and thanked his student very much for the sweet water. ...
2011年:I got on the bus and found a seat near the back and then I noticed a man sitting at the front. He 19 (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice. ...
從歷年高考題中,我們不難看出,在考查謂語動詞時,都會在空格后給出一個動詞。我們只需用括號中動詞的正確形式填空。那么如何才能準確地使用該動詞的正確形式呢?我們應養成一個正確的思維習慣。具體的思維過程是:
1. 分析句子的成份,看空格處所缺的成份是不是謂語;
2. 使用括號中動詞的正確形式填空。
在考慮括號中動詞的正確形式時,應從三個方面著手:
1. 謂語動詞的時態;
2. 謂語動詞的語態;
3. 謂語動詞的單復數,即主謂一致。
具體做法如下:
1. 在確定謂語動詞的時態時,我們可從三個方面來進行判斷:
(1)看句子中的時間狀語或時間狀語從句;
(2)在沒有時間狀語或時間狀語從句時,要看上下文的謂語動詞形式;
(3)看是否是特殊的句型。如:
①It is +時間段+since 從句。注意此句型中主句謂語是is,since從句謂語用一般過去時。
②It is +第幾次+ that +從句的主語+have /has done+...注意此句型中的主句謂語是is,從句中謂語是用現在完成時。
這樣的句型還有很多,平時要注意積累。
2. 在確定謂語動詞的時態時,我們只需考慮主語與謂語動詞之間的關系則可,是主動關系還是被動關系,就可判斷是用主動語態還是用被動語態。
3. 在確定謂語動詞的單復數時,我們只需考慮主語與謂語動詞的一致性則可,也就是常說的主謂一致。特別注意以下時態的謂語動詞的單復數形式:一般現在時的第三人稱單數,現在完成時的have 和has,過去進行時的was和were等。
根據以上技巧,我們可以完成歷年的高考題。如:
2007年:The sun was setting when my car 31 (break) down near a remote village. ...
分析:31題空格處是when 引導的時間狀語從句主語my car的謂語。從句中沒有時間狀語或時間狀語從句,但主句的謂語動詞was setting用了過去進行時,同時此句也是一個特殊的句型:...was/were doing... when ...did...此句型中的when 意為and at that time,因此可判斷此謂語應用一般過去時。此外,主語my car 與謂語之間的關系是主動關系,同時主語也是單數。綜合考慮可得此題答案為:broke。
2008年:This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their natural course. Being too anxious to help an event develop often 40 (result) in the contrary to our intention.
分析:40題空格處是主語Being too anxious to help an event develop的謂語,本句的狀語是often,上句的謂語is saying是現在進行時,可知此句謂語應用一般現在時。此外,主語與謂語result in(導致)之間的關系為主動關系,同時,主語是動名詞短語,謂語動詞應用單數。因此,此題答案應為:results。
2009年:...people stepped on your feet or 34 (push) you with their elbows, hurrying ahead to get to a bargain...Her mother was excited. “Your father has at last decided to stop smoking,” Jane 40 (inform).
分析:34題空格處是主語people的謂語,其并列謂語是stepped,可知push的時態、語態與主謂一致應與stepped相同。因此,此題的答案應為:pushed。40題空格處是主語Jane的謂語,上文的謂語was 是一般過去時,此外,主語Jane與謂語inform(告知)之間的關系是被動關系(被告知),同時主語Jane是第三人稱單數。因此,此題答案應為:was informed。
2010年:He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder who had been his teacher. After a four-day journey, the young man 33 (present) the water to the old man. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled warmly, and thanked his student very much for the sweet water....
分析:33題空格處是主語the young man的謂語,本句的狀語是After a four-day journey,上句的謂語是filled,下句的謂語是took, smiled, 和thanked,可知本句的謂語用一般過去時。此外,主語the young man與謂語present(送)的關系應是主動關系,主語是單數。因此,此題答案應為:presented。
2011年:I got on the bus and found a seat near the back and then I noticed a man sitting at the front. He 19 (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice. ...
分析:19題空格處是主語He的謂語,上句謂語是got, found和noticed,本句后有并列謂語動詞giving,可知本句謂語應用過去進行時。主語與謂語應為主動關系,主語也是第三人稱單數。因此,此題答案應為:was pretending。
簡言之,要準確使用語法填空題中謂語動詞的正確形式,我們只需記住這樣的一個思維步驟則可:分析句子成份→確定時態→確定語態→注意主謂一致→得出答案→代入檢驗。
(作者單位:吳川市第一中學)
責任編校 蔣小青