引導從句的what/ that/ which

語法填空的純空格題主要要求考生填寫冠詞、介詞、代詞、連詞，包括各類從句的連接詞或引導詞。然而多數(shù)考生在要求填寫從句引導詞題上頻頻“失手”，如錯用what來引導定語從句。因此，筆者以歷年的語法填空題（包括地方模擬題）來談談從句引導詞試題的解題思路并辨析高頻考查的引導詞what， that和which在從句中的用法。

一、what/ that/ which引導的名詞性從句

名詞性從句相當于名詞，在句子中作主語的稱為主語從句，作賓語的稱為賓語從句，作表語的稱為表語從句，另外在名詞后面起到對內容補充說明作用的同位語的名詞性從句稱之為同位語從句。

試做下面題目：

1. At first， the donkey realized_____________was happening and cried horribly.

2.“Thank you for_____________you’ve said. I hope I will never be too busy to help others.” With that， Thomas Jefferson turned his horse around and went away.

3. He hopes that sharing_____________he’s been through will help others.

4. They spent a couple of days and nights on the farm of_____________would be considered a very poor family.

5. It never occurred to me_____________you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.

6. The only difference is_____________today’s employment of children is confined to small industries and family businesses.

7. She loved driving very fast， and boasted of the fact_____________she had never， in her thirty-five years of driving， been punished for a driving mistake.

8. Its publication has started a debate as to_____________way of parenting is superior， the traditional Chinese way or the American way.

[參考答案]

1. what 2. what 3. what 4. what 5. that 6. that 7. that 8. which

[思路點撥]

以上第1-4題考查了what在名詞性從句中的用法。題1，4中，what作從句的主語；題2中，what作動詞say的賓語；在題3中，what作介詞through的賓語。第5-7題考查了that在名詞性從句中的用法。that在這三題中分別引導了主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。題8考查which在名詞性從句中的用法，這里which引導賓語從句。

考生可以遵循以下做題步驟，堅持實踐，提高做題速度和正確率。

1. 從宏觀角度分析句子結構，抓住句子的主干，從而判斷出從句的類型。如何分析句子結構呢？這就需要抓住句子的關鍵點，也是核心點——動詞部分。抓住了動詞就意味著抓住了句子的脊梁和命脈。因為英語句子的主干結構就是“主語+謂語動詞+賓語”或者“主語+系動詞+表語”。在平時訓練中，考生找句子中的主語或賓語是比較困難的， 相對而言找動詞會比較容易。考生根據(jù)動詞的形式確定出句子的謂語動詞，動詞前后可以確定出句子的主語或賓語成分。如題1中，我們可以知道空格后的句子是realized的賓語從句。題2和4中，空格在介詞for和of后，可以判斷出后面的句子是介詞的賓語從句。題3的sharing_____________he’s been through是在主句謂語動詞hope后的賓語從句中作主語。

2. 分析確定出的從句，判斷從句中所缺的成分。

that引導名詞性從句時沒有意義，僅起連接作用，不在句子中充當任何成分。當它引導的同位語從句、表語從句和主語從句放在句首時，that不能省略；that引導的賓語從句不能在介詞后做賓語。如題5，It never occurred to me_____________you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind. It為形式主語，故句子可以轉化為： you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind never occurred to me. 在主語從句中，主謂賓的主干結構已經齊全，不缺成分，故用that引導。

值得注意的是，what 引導名詞性從句時， 除起連接作用外， 還在句子中擔任主語、賓語、表語、定語等成分，相當于all that 或everything that，表示“ 什么”或“…… 的東西或事情”。如題3，賓語從句sharing_____________he’s been through中share是及物動詞，后接賓語從句，what在賓語從句中充當介詞through的賓語，意為“分享他所經歷過的事情”。另外，which引導名詞性從句時，除起連接作用外，還在句子中擔任主語、賓語、表語、定語等成分，意為“哪一個”。如題8中，從the traditional Chinese way or the American way可知，空格引導的賓語從句有選擇的意味，故用which。

3. 填入引導詞，檢查語意是否完整。

【小試牛刀】

1. He knew_____________would happen when his classmates found out.

2. That Christmas Eve， Paul learned_____________Jesus meant when he said: “it is more blessed to give...”

3. Next day， when he was about to drink wine， he also remembered_____________he promised to Allah， so he gave up the idea of drinking wine.

4. When Vincent stopped his inner voice and asked the woman out， she said， “Vincent，_____________took you so long?”

5. The Pine Street Foundation conducted its research on the belief_____________cancer cells give off a different type of metabolic(新陳代謝) waste product.

6. In addition， the most undesirable effect is_____________examinations encourage bad study habits.

7.“She could hardly speak Chinese at the beginning， and we had to guess_____________each other meant through gestures，”said Li.

8. Girls are no longer closely guarded， and they can do more or less_____________they like.

9. The shocking news made me realize_____________terrible problems we would face.

10. The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of_____________others actually understand.

【參考答案】

1. what 2. what 3. what 4. what 5. that 6. that 7. what 8. what 9. what 10. what

二、that/ which引導的定語從句定語從句一般緊跟在被修飾的名詞后面，起修飾作用。引導限制性定語從句的關系代詞that和which一般可以換用。限制性定語從句中，必須用that的情況有：

1. 先行詞是指事物的不定代詞all， little， much， anything， everything， nothing等時；

2. 先行詞被the only， the very， 形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時；

3. 先行詞有人也有物時。

定語從句中，必須用which的情況有：

1. 引導非限定性定語從句，常跟在“，”后；

2. 當定語從句中的介詞提前時，即緊跟在介詞后面時。

試做下面的題：

1. With each shovel of dirt_____________hit his back， the donkey was doing something amazing.

2. It turned out that I couldn’t do any of them very well in such a hurry，_____________made me quite angry.

3. At last， they tried to fill in the plane with carbon dioxide，_____________poisoned all the eighty rats by the poisonous gas.

4. Chilren often form bad habits， some of_____________remain with them as long as they live.

5. The second kind of medicine is called “natural cures” or “folk medicine” in_____________less educated people try to cure sicknesses with various herbs.

【參考答案】

1. which/that 2. which 3. which 4. which 5. which

【解題妙招】

確定定語從句，首先看它是否位于名詞后面，再確定從句跟該名詞存在的關系。建議考生用括號把定語從句括起來，以便于更好地把握句子的主要意思。然后使用“還原”的方法，將先行詞還原到從句中，看它作什么成分。

【小試牛刀】

1. I looked into their eyes and I found they didn’t care，_____________told me it would be useless.(2010深圳一模)

2. His way lay through a forest in_____________there were many monkeys. (2010廣東模擬)

3. This means their children will for sure have the family disease，_____________is a great trouble for these families. (2009深圳外國語)

4. Then，the daughter began using some of her money to promote a day_____________would honor all mothers. (2009汕頭城南)

5. Wind stirs things down and brings down a lot of warm air_____________often floats just above housetops and trees. (2009廣東模擬)

【參考答案】

1. which 2. which 3. which 4. that/which 5. that/which

（作者單位：廣州市第89中學）

責任編校 蔣小青