用還原法學好定語從句

定語從句對于中學生來說是一個令人頭痛的語法項目。但是，如果我們將句子簡化就容易理解了。如何將句子簡化？使用還原法。下面我們結合高考題與課文中出現的句子談談如何利用還原法分析定語從句。

學習定語從句，我們最感到棘手的問題是用關系代詞還是關系副詞。其實最簡單的方法就是將從句與先行詞還原。

[例1]It was felt in Beijing， which is more than two hundred kilometres away. (人教B1 Unit 4)

分析：先行詞是Beijing， 如果關系代詞which是空格，我們可以暫不考慮關系詞，用先行詞代入空格，即可還原成：Beijing is more than two hundred kilometres away. 很明顯Beijing在句中作主語，因而用關系代詞which，但不能用that，因這是非限制性定語從句。

請看2010年廣東卷語法填空題：He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder 32 had been his teacher.

利用還原法變成這樣的句子：An elder had been his teacher. 顯然an elder 在句中作主語，因而該空填who或that。

[例2]Is it something that people believe? (人教B2 Unit 1)

分析：先行詞是something，從句可還原成：People believe something. 顯然，something作believe 的賓語，因而用關系代詞that，但不能用which，因先行詞是不定代詞something。

[例3]Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. (人教B1 Unit 4)

分析：先行詞是survivors，從句可還原成：Survivors’ homes had been destroyed. 因而survivors’作定語修飾homes，表從屬關系，用whose。

[例4]The school where I studied for only two years was three kilometers away. (人教B1 Unit 5)

分析：先行詞是school，從句可還原成：I studied for only two years in the school. 我們可以看出如果用關系副詞，還原時需借助介詞。

請看下面兩道高考題：

(2007年廣東卷)...the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to a small town some 20 kilometres away 36 there was a garage.

解析：先行詞是a small town，從句可還原成：There was a garage in a small town.. 借助介詞in，構成介詞短語作地點狀語，故該空填關系副詞where。

(2009年廣東卷) Jane paused in front of a counter 35 some attractive ties were on display.

解析：先行詞是counter，從句可還原成：Some attractive ties were on display at a counter. 借助介詞at，構成介詞短語作地點狀語，故該空填where。

根據以上例子，我們可以得出如下結論：

(1)先行詞+從句：說明用作主語的關系代詞

(2)從句+先行詞：說明用作賓語的關系代詞

(3)先行詞’+從句：說明用作定語的關系代詞，只有whose

(4)從句+介詞+先行詞：說明用關系副詞

另一方面，介詞加關系代詞引導的定語從句，對于介詞的選擇，我們也可以用還原法。

[例5]It was in 1952 and Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. (人教B1Unit 5)

分析：為什么用介詞to？請用還原法：I went to the black lawyer for advice.

[例6]He was generous with his time， for which I was grateful.

分析：為什么用介詞for?請還原：I was grateful for it.

看從句的動詞或形容詞與什么介詞搭配。請利用此法試做下面一題：

(2009湖南)Gun control is a subject _____Americans have argued for a long time.

A. of which B. with which

C. about which D. into which

解析：可還原成Americans have argued about a subject for a long time.故選C。

[例7]...we were put into a position in which we had either to accept we were less important or fight the government. (人教B1 Unit 5)

分析：先行詞是position，從句可還原成：We had either to accept we were less important or fight the government in a position. 看先行詞與何介詞搭配。

[例8]The musicians were to play jokes on each other as well as play music， most of which was based loosely on the beatles. (人教B2 Unit 5)

分析：為什么用of ？因為可還原成：Most of music was based loosely on the beatles. of前的詞與關系代詞是部分與整體的關系。

[例9]They may start as a group of high-school students， for whom practicing their music in someone’s hours is the first step to fame. （人教B2 Unit 5）

分析：為什么用for？此句中介詞for表示“對于……來說”。

請用還原法做以下題目：

1. The man pulled out a gold watch， _________ were made of small diamonds.

A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of

C. which the hands of D. the hands of which

2 We went through a period ___ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.

A. which B. whose

C. in which D. with which

3. The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors， _____ are beyond our control.

A. most of them B. most of which

C. most of what D. most of that

4. By nine o’clock， all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma， ____ appeared a rare rainbow soon.

A. of which B. on which

C. from which D. above which

5. For many cities in the world， there is no room to spread out further， _______ New York is an example.

A. for which B. in which

C. of which D. from which

答案：1-5 DCBDC

(作者單位：韶關市曲江區曲江中學)

責任編校 蔣小青