把握體裁,抓住高頻詞,突破寫作意圖題

要求考生“理解作者的意圖”是考綱要求之一，也是廣東歷年高考的一個常考點。這類題的題干中通常含有purpose， is intended to等字眼。筆者在此談談如何把握文體，抓住高頻詞，突破寫作意圖題。

不同文章體裁體現出作者不同的寫作意圖，因而在做這種題時，我們一方面要把握體裁，另一方面要抓住文章中的高頻詞，即反反復復出現的詞，才能突破寫作意圖題。不同的體裁文章體現不同的寫作風格。

記敘文是一種常見的英語文體。就廣義而言，記敘文包括小說、故事、傳記、歷史等，在教材課文中占的比例較大。記敘文的要素有時間、地點、人物，事件的起由、經過、結果等，即將五個“W”(who， when， where， what and why)。閱讀時要學會從事件本身的發展去理解故事情節。對細節描寫要重點關注，通過作者的重要細節描寫去領會作者的意圖。記述文中一種是純記事，另一種是記事要達到一種目的，如告訴我們一個道理或者是對人生的領悟。

請看廣東高考2009年閱讀理解A篇：

Lisa was running late. Lisa， 25， had a lot to do at work， plus visitors on the way: her parents were coming in for Thanksgiving from her hometown. But as she hurried down the subway stairs， she started to feel uncomfortably warm. By the time she got to the platform， Lisa felt weak and tired--maybe it hadn’t been a good idea to give blood the night before， she thought. She rested herself against a post close to the tracks.

Several yards away， Frank， 43， and his girlfriend， Jennifer， found a spot close to where the front of the train would stop. They were deep in discussion about a house they were thinking of buying. But when he heard the scream， followed by someone yelling， “Oh， my God， she fell in!”....

Police and fire officials soon arrived， and Frank told the story to an officer. Jennifer said her boyfriend was calm on their 40-minute train ride downtown—just as he had been seconds after the rescue， which made her think about her reaction at the time. ...

45. The passage is intended to _____________.

A. warn us of the danger in the subway

B. show us how to save people in the subway

C. tell us about a subway rescue

D. report a traffic accident

通過閱讀我們可以判斷這是一篇記述文，根據高頻詞train和關鍵詞rescue，我們可以得出45題應選C。

說明文用平實的語言客觀地解釋或探討各種問題，如機器的制造過程、自然或社會現象產生的原因、工程項目的規劃或問題的解決方案等等，介紹自然科學、社會科學領域的最新成果，社會經濟發展過程中出現的新生事物等等。

說明文主要是對事物或現象的發生、變化、特征或功能進行介紹，其目的在于對所寫事物進行解釋，回答“怎么樣” “為什么”之類的問題。說明文一般來說層次分明、結構嚴謹、邏輯關系清楚。說明文都有一個(或多個)明確的被說明對象以及與被說明對象有關的主題。

說明文還有一個很大的特點就是告訴我們如何做某事。這樣的寫作目的題體現為tell the reader...， introduce ， explain， analyse等字眼。如：

65. What is the purpose of this text? （2011年江西卷B）

A. To set up a club.

B. To provide part-time jobs.

C. To organize key-cards.

D. To introduce a new banking service.

議論文也就是說理性的文章，一般由論點、論據和論證過程組成。議論文都要提出論題、觀點、提供充分的證據（evidence），使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點或得出結論。閱讀議論文時我們要抓住論題、抓住作者提出的觀點、給出的例證及最后得出的結論。抓住了論題、抓住了觀點，我們就把握了中心，再結合作為論據的諸多事例和理由之間以及它們和觀點/結論之間的內在聯系，我們就能理解文章的結構。因此，閱讀議論文的關鍵是：抓論題、抓觀點。這樣的寫作目的題體現為argue (證明，說服)，advocate (提倡，主張)，discuss等字眼。如：2011年廣東卷D篇

In a world with limited land， water and other natural resources (資源)， the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise. Actually， the past decades has seen more and more forests disappearing and globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed， and that we must be able to develop in sustainable(可持續的)ways. That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products. In other words， we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources.

Today， sustainable development is a proper trend in many countries. ...In recent years the markets for sustainable products have grown by more than 50%.

Governments can fully develop the potential of these new markets. ... and redirecting some of those expenses can accelerate the change from traditional model to a sustainable one.

That is no small task， but it offers abundant new chances for sustainable product industries.

45. What is the main purpose of the passage?

A. To introduce a new business model.

B. To compare two business models.

C. To predict a change of the global market.

D. To advocate sustainable development.

本文是一篇議論文，論點是sustainable development。作者通過分析目前的自然資源形勢，提出論點（第一段的劃線部分），再通過實例來證明其可行性（第二段劃線部分是主題句，其余部分是論據）；接著作者提到如何充分發展其潛力（第三段劃線部分是主題句）；最后一段是結論句。本文的高頻詞是sustainable， 作者明顯是主張可持續發展，看作者的措詞：proper trend， fully， abundant new chances。此題答案應選D。

因此，我們在做這類題型時，只要我們能馬上判斷出文章的體裁，再抓住文章的高頻詞就可以得心應手。

（作者單位：韶關市曲江中學）

責任編校 蔣小青