

廣東省高考英語中的讀寫任務是一個難度較大的題型,而且其分值(25分)占筆試總分(135分)的18.5%,所以讀寫任務題完成得好壞對整個英語成績起著至關重要的影響。怎樣做好讀寫任務一直以來都是教師和考生尤為關注而又難以解決的問題,本文從“收”與“放”兩個寫作過程來探討如何高效地完成讀寫任務,解決現存的一些困惑。
近些年來“過程寫作”的模式逐漸為專家和教師們所重視,因“過程寫作”把以語言為中心的寫作形式轉換為以學生為中心,大大提高了寫作效率。可見,想要追求好的寫作結果就應該從寫作過程入手。
讀寫任務是有材料作文,要求學生在閱讀的基礎上寫一篇主題相關的作文,主要考查篇章概括和書面交際能力,而這兩項能力又分別以滿分“5分+20分”的形式加以體現。聯系以上結論,具體到寫作過程,本文把這兩項任務歸納為“收”和“放”的過程,這兩個概念是從“范圍”的角度來講的,“收”就是將大的范圍逐漸縮小,由篇成段,由段成句,再由句成詞;而“放”就是把小的范圍逐漸擴大,由詞成句,由句成段,再由段成篇。胡春洞教授等人提出英語寫作活動與任務有三大類型,第一就提到了多步詞匯、句型擴展成文,強調通過詞逐步擴展、句型相互轉換的過程訓練,說明了擴寫與縮寫練習的有效性。
本文認為讀寫任務中的篇章概括過程應以“收”為主,以“放“為輔;而發(fā)表看法部分的寫作應以“放”為主,以“收“為輔。因此“收”與“放”并不是孤立存在的,他們是相輔相成的,即“收”中有“放”,“放”中有“收”。
本文就先從篇章概括談起,一般來說,題目所提供的閱讀材料大致可分為兩種,一種是故事性的文章,主要講述一個真實或者虛構的故事抑或是一則寓言,用以引起思考,給人啟示。此類文章的概述分兩步來“收”,第一步概括故事內容,把段落“收”為句子,第二步寫出從該故事中所得到的教訓或啟示,而這個教訓或啟示正是下一步所要寫作的主題。另外一種閱讀材料是敘述或者說明性的文章,主要是敘述一個事實或者說明一種現象,并由此得出一個下文所要討論的主題。對于此類文章的“收”要顯得較為復雜一些,因為所給材料的主題往往散布于整個文章之中,也許不能一下子就找到,所以要分三步來“收”。首先是找出每一段的主題句,把段落“收”為句子,然后找出每一個主題句的關鍵詞,把句子“收”為詞語,最后對關鍵詞進行改寫,再把詞語“放”為句子(即擴展成句),這樣,整個過程就融合了“收”與“放”兩種過程。如下圖所示:
(圖表1:篇章概括中的“收”與“放”)
對于第二階段的任務寫作,題目會清楚地給出寫作內容和要求,所以事實上這種寫作屬于半開放性的,只能在內容要求的范圍內展開論述。正如上文所提到的,這一階段的寫作以“放”為主,以“收“為輔。首先根據寫作內容和要求,寫出每一個段落的主題句,然后再“放”,圍繞主題句,由句拓展成段。將所有要點內容論述之后,最后來一個總結性的“收”,結束全文。圖示下圖所示:
(圖表2:寫作內容中的“收”與“放”)
下面結合一篇具體實例來說明其實用性。
讀寫任務 閱讀下面的短文,然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。
People used to say, “The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.” and “Behind every successful man there is a woman.” Both these sayings mean the same thing. Men rule the world, but their mothers and wives rule them.
Most American women wish to make their husbands and sons successful, but some of them want more for themselves. They want good jobs. When they work they want to be better paid. They want to be as successful as men.
The American women’s liberation movement was started by women who didn’t want to stand behind successful men. They wanted to stand beside men, with the same chance for success. They refused to work side by side with men who did the same work for a higher pay.
This movement is quite new, and many American women don’t agree yet. But it has already made some important changes in women’s lives-in men’s lives, too. Liberated women are proud of being a woman and have confidence in themselves. More and more women are holding important positions in companies, institutions and the government. More people than ever have realized that women deserve as much respect as men.
[寫作內容]
1.用約30個詞概括短文的主要內容;
2.然后用約120個詞就“男女平等”發(fā)表看法,要點包括:
(1)婦女在家庭和社會中的地位的今與昔;
(2)婦女的貢獻,婦女應該受到尊重;
(3)你認為怎樣才能實現真正的男女平等。
[寫作要求]
你可以使用實例或其它論述方法支持你的論點,也可以參照閱讀材料的內容,但不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子。
[評分標準] 概括準確,語言規(guī)范,內容合適,語篇連貫。
這是一篇敘述性的閱讀材料,材料的主題散布于段落之中,首先利用“收”的方法找出每一段的主題句(見畫線部分);然后找出主題句中的關鍵詞(見黑體部分); 最后再利用“放”的方法,把關鍵詞改寫成句子,完成篇章概括的任務:From the passage, we know that American women have been playing more and more important role in society and their families since the women’s liberation movement was carried out. What they have achieved proves women deserve equal respect with men. (34 words)
對于發(fā)表看法部分的寫作,可根據寫作內容進行整合,將其分為三段來寫,先確定每一段的主題句。
Para1: Compared to the past, women’s position in society and their families has greatly improved now.
Para2: In the history of human beings, a lot of women have made great contributions in many fields, so it’s natural that they should be respected.
Para3: As far as I’m concerned, in order to realize the real equality between women and men, we should...
完成了主題句之后,每一段的論述部分都應圍繞著主題句,以“放”的形式展開。但是這里的“放”不是漫無目的的,而是要依據題目中的寫作內容和要求來進行,用不同的論述方法及論據去論證主題句中所表達的論點,做到“有的放矢”。所以,在這一部分不僅完成了由詞成句,由句成段的過程,即“放”的過程,又在最后的總結段完成了“收”的過程。這樣,這篇讀寫任務就會做到論點鮮明,論證充分有力,而且環(huán)環(huán)相扣,邏輯縝密。人類的語言是千變萬化的,一個主題可以有很多種不同的表達方式,我們應該而且有意識地利用靈活多變的語言為我們的交際目的服務。
“凡事預則立不預則廢”,寫文章也是如此,一篇好的文章必定是精心構思而成的。如果在寫作過程中能夠做到這一點,寫出好的文章便也不會遙遠了。毋庸置疑,在讀寫任務中語言是文章的靈魂,沒有扎實的語言基礎,一切都將是紙上談兵。
本文所談的“收”與“放”,在具體實踐的過程中就起到了引導寫作的作用,它確立了一個寫作的思維過程和大致框架,指引我們每一步該怎樣做才能更加有效,避免了縱然下筆千言,卻讓讀者不知所云的窘況。
附錄:
參考范文
Compared to the past, women’s position in society and their families has greatly improved now.(放——過去與現在情況的對照)Women in the world have long been treated unjustly. They were limited in their homes could not share equal rights with men. But now they are involved in various fields and playing more significant part.
In the history of human beings, a lot of women have made great contributions in many fields, so it’s natural that they should be respected.(放——擺事實講道理)There is no denying that it is mothers that raise children with their all affectionate and unselfish love. So women should be given as much respect and as many opportunities. Men should always remember that their mothers are women too and give up the belief that men should have some privilege.
As far as I’m concerned, in order to realize the real equality between women and men,(放——建議婦女和政府各應如何做)women should make themselves more able, be more self-confident and more active. On the other hand, our government should make more favorable policies to encourage the equality.(收)With the joint efforts, I believe the day will come when women enjoy real equality with men.
(作者單位:惠州市第一中學)
責任編校 蔣小青