縱觀近幾年高考英語試卷,幾乎每套試卷都有對定語從句的考查,由此可見定語從句是高考的必考語法項目之一。下面對高中階段的定語從句用法及考點作一歸納。
其實,分析多年來的高考試卷,我們不難發現對于定語從句的考查主要集中在同位語從句與定語從句的辨別和關系詞的選擇上。對于這個問題我們需要注意以下幾個方面。
一、定語從句和同位語從句的區別
定語從句和同位語從句的相似之處在于結構相同,都為“名詞+從句”結構。不同之處有三點。同位語從句所修飾的是一些有限的抽象名詞,如:hope, idea, news, order, fact, question, belief, truth, doubt, conclusion 等,但定語從句沒有這方面的限制。that 引導定語從句且充當一定的語法成分,所以從句中肯定缺主語、賓語、表語或介詞的賓語,是對前面的名詞的修飾或限定;但that 引導的同位語從句是對前面名詞內容的說明,that是起引導作用,不充當任何成分,所以從句不缺任何成分。where, when, why引導定語從句時,意思與先行詞的意思基本相同,沒有疑問的意思,但引導同位語從句時表示 “在哪兒”, “什么時候”, “為什么”,有疑問的意思。如:
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
This is the fact that you must know clearly.
二、關系代詞as的用法
1.當先行詞被the same, such修飾時,關系代詞用as。如:
Beijing was attacked by such a terrible sandstormasfew citizens had ever experienced before.
2.當關系代詞代替整個句子,且從句放在句子的最前面時,關系代詞只能用as。常見的用as作關系代詞的固定結構有:as is wellknown to all of us, as has been said above, as we know, as has been pointed out, as has been proved, as is often the case,as has been announced/reported... 如:
Asis often the case, he didn’t study hard and failed to pass the test.
三、“介詞+關系代詞”結構
當介詞放在關系代詞前面時,絕大多數情況下關系代詞只有兩個,即whom(指人)和which(指物),有時也用whose和關系副詞。判定關系代詞前面的介詞有三條原則。
1.看先行詞與介詞的常規搭配。如:
Miss Bell joined the searchandrescue team when she was 14, the youngest ageat whichone can be admitted.
2.看從句中謂語動詞常規搭配的介詞。如:
There is hardly an environment on earthto whichsome species of animals or other have not adapted successfully.
3.看先行詞與從句的邏輯關系。如:
Learning another language is like stepping out of the door,through whichI can look back and see more clearly my own language.
四、非限制性定語從句的特殊結構
先行詞+名詞/數詞/代詞/the+形容詞的比較級+of+ whom/which,在這結構中常用的代詞有:any, neither, either, both, each, a few, most, some, many, few, one, the first等。
The newlybuilt cafe, the wall ofwhichare painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us.
五、定語從句中的主謂一致問題
關系詞在從句中作主語時,謂語一般要與先行詞保持一致,需要注意的是:one of +復數名詞(先行詞)+關系代詞(作主語)+復數謂語動詞;the only one of +復數名詞(先行詞)+關系代詞(作主語)+單數謂語動詞。如:
He is one of the studentswho areinto computer games.
He is the only one of the studentswho isinto computer games.
總之, 定語從句是英語學習中見得最多、用得最廣的從句之一。只要學生能正確分析定語從句、理清語法結構、理解句子含義,定能提高解題能力。
(責任編輯 周侯辰)