如何提高學生在完形填空中的猜詞填空能力

完形填空要求考生在一篇約280個詞的短文中，根據語境，選出最佳選項，把文章還原成一篇內容完整，行文連貫，符合邏輯的文章。盡管目前廣東高考的完形填空較為容易，但不少考生還是在該部分失分慘重。究其原因，不外兩點：其一，學生的詞匯貧乏，讀不懂內容；其二，做題時脫離語境，忽略或找不到文章里面的線索詞（clue words），僅僅憑著自己的主觀臆念對某個選項先入為主，甚至“一見鐘情”?；诖耍P者就自己多年從教高三的經驗，結合平時如何訓練學生解答完形填空來談談個人的一些粗淺的看法。

筆者在常規的教學中，很重視提高學生在完形填空中的猜詞能力。要求學生在具體的語境中補全句子就是筆者的教學手段之一。譬如：

請根據句子語境進行邏輯推斷，在空格處填入一個適當的詞，使句子結構完整，語意連貫。（注：請讀者務必先自己獨立完成，然后再看下面的答案與分析）

1. She is so ________ that many young men are fascinated by her.

2. The problem is so _______ that none of my classmates is able to work it out.

3. I ________ his plan because I don’t think it’s practical or realistic.

4. Having lost the keys，Mary was _________.

5. Doing sports regularly ________ our health.

6. The village is _________ from the downtown and it takes at least three hours to go to town by bus.

7. I failed to catch the bus and had to go home on foot. In other words，I ________ the bus and had to ________ home.

8. She forgot to ________ the alarm clock so that she overslept. As a result，she was ________ for work，which ______ her boss，who yelled at her and claimed that he would ________ her.

9. Facing a large audience，at first he felt a little _________ and spoke in a low voice. Gradually he calmed himself down and raised his ________ to make himself _________ by all the people.

顯然，不同的學生會得出迥然不同的答案。如：

1. 學生填的答案有pretty，beautiful，attractive，charming，good-looking，lovely，cute等，甚至有的學生連sexy也想到了，這是筆者在備課時始料不及的。

2. 學生會往“這個問題難”這個方向來想，因此他們說出了hard， difficult， tough， challenging， complex， complicated等答案。

3.“這個計劃不實用不現實”，很明顯“我反對”，disagree with，object to，oppose，am opposed to，am against等。

4.“不見了鑰匙”，當然很 sorry， worried，anxious，sad，unhappy，upset，depressed，discouraged，frustrated等。

5. 做運動對身體“好”，可填benefits， is good for， is beneficial to， does good to， 或者可以“增強體質”， 用strengthens。

6.“坐車至少要三個小時”，路程“遙遠”，填far， distant， remote皆可。

7. failed to catch the bus也就是miss the bus； 同理，go home on foot 等同于walk home。

8. 睡過頭（overslept），忘記“調（set）”鬧鐘，結果“遲到”，用be late for，老板自然不高興；鼓勵學生猜詞性（動詞，annoyed，irritated），因此老板“揚言”要“開除/解雇（fire ，dismiss）”她。

9. 面對一大片觀眾，感到有點“緊張（nervous， tense， uneasy等）”，提高“嗓音（voice）”為了讓別人“聽到（heard）”。

除了以單句的形式來訓練學生的猜詞能力外，以篇章為單位更是一種充滿挑戰性的方式。例如，我曾經多次要求我的學生根據語境來補全篇章所缺的單詞，并把其在文章中所對應的線索詞找出來。譬如：

請根據短文的語境進行邏輯推斷，在空格處填入一個適當的詞，使句子結構完整，語意連貫。（注：請讀者務必先自己獨立完成，然后再看下面的答案與分析）

On April 19，we were told to leave school and stay at home because of a new disease called SARS. We started an 1 holiday.

It’s not very 2 for us to stay at home all day. I think going to school is much better than staying at home， although our classes are sometimes boring. It would be good to see my classmates because I started to 3 them so much.

After two weeks， my parents 4 me to the Great Wall. I felt glad when I was able to be outside again. It was not 5 there because few people were leaving their houses because of SARS.

My school had asked me to do a special job during this unusual holiday. Every day I 6 ten of my classmates and reminded them to take their temperature. I also asked them whether they had done their homework. Then I gave the 7 to our teacher. This was a lot of fun. I had never made so many phone calls to my 8 before.

It’s the end of the month now. Nobody knows how long this holiday will 9 . When we go back to school，I hope everything will return to normal and 10 will never come back again.

等學生完成后，筆者提問，然后他們分別給出以下的答案：

1. 由后文的倒數第二段中的第一句話 ... this unusual holiday可知，填unusual。

2. 學生有的填了good， 有的填了nice，甚至有的填了fun 或 funny，追問原由，其解釋是根據第二段 I think going to school is much better than staying at home， although our classes are sometimes boring。

3. 由“見到同學總是好的”可知，“我”開始“想念”他們了，故填miss。

4. 由文意推出：父母“帶”我去游覽長城，故填took。

5. 由few people were leaving their houses ... 可知，在長城那里很少人，不“擁擠”，故填crowded。

6. 學生說讀到文章這里想不出答案，但是看到后文的 I had never made so many phone calls ... 就知道填called，phoned或rang了。

7.“我”打電話給同學們提醒他們量體溫和做作業的情況，然后把“結果”告訴了老師，因此，有的學生在該空填了information，有的則填了results。

8. 由上文說到“Every day I phoned ten of my classmates ... ”，可知給“同學”打了很多電話，故填classmates。

9. 沒有人知道這個特殊的假期還要“持續”多久，故填last。

我靈機一動，嘗試著改了一下該句來檢測他們，改成：Nobody knows how soon this holiday will ________.這次他們給出的答案是end （結束）。 句意：沒有人知道還要多久這個假期才“結束”。

10. 因為SARS是學生放假的原因，希望“SARS”不會卷土重來，故填SARS。

筆者經常鼓勵學生，在解答完形填空的過程中，即使是讀第一遍時，也要花幾秒鐘來猜猜空缺的詞是什么意思，是何詞性。猜不出的話就暫時放手，但是一定要在文章中找到與之相對應的線索詞或者相呼應的地方，總之就是讓每個空“有據可循”，而不是“無中生有”。猜詞這種教學活動，放飛了學生的想象力，培養學生發散性思維，最大限度地激活并“動員”學生現有的詞匯，真可謂一舉多得。

（作者單位：江門開平市第一中學）

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