羅維
“強調”就是使句子的某一部分比一般情況下顯得更加重要。英語表達中,要強調句子的某一成分,一般可用強調句型“It is (was) +that (who) +句子的其余部分”。It在句中無意義,只起引出被強調部分的作用。被強調的部分指人時,除可用that外,還可換用who(強調賓語指人時也可用whom)。使用強調句型時,應注意以下事項。
一、如何判斷強調結構
去掉強調結構It is (was) … that(who)…后,剩余成分略作調整或不作調整仍然能組成一個語法結構完整的句子,即為強調句。這是判斷是不是強調句型的關鍵。試比較:
A: It is surprising that Tom arrives at school so early.
B: It is Tom that arrives at school so early.
將A句中的it is… that去掉后,句子結構不完整,我們可以判斷它不屬于強調句型,屬于主語從句。將B句中的it is… that去掉后變為:Tom arrives at school so early.這是一個完整的句子,故我們判斷B句屬于強調句。
二、強調結構可以強調哪些句子成分
一般而言,強調結構幾乎可以強調除謂語動詞及形容詞作表語之外的任何句子成分,如:Mary got the dictionary in this bookstore with the help of her friend yesterday.
It was Mary that got the dictionary in this bookstore with the help of her friend yesterday.(強調主語)
It was the dictionary that Mary got in this bookstore with the help of her friend yesterday. (強調賓語)
It was in this bookstore that Mary got the dictionary with the help of her friend yesterday.(強調地點狀語)
It was with the help of her friend that Mary got the dictionary in this bookstore yesterday. (強調方式狀語)
此外,該強調句型中,被強調的成分除了是名詞、代詞、介詞短語等之外, 也可以是從句。It is when he got back that he knew what had happened. 他回來后才知道所發生的情況。It was because he loved my money that he married me. 他是因為愛我的錢才同我結了婚。
三、強調句用that 還是who
當被強調部分指人時,可以用who代that(若人做賓語,還可以用whom代that);當被強調部分指物時通常用that。注意:強調事物時,通常不宜用which來代that,另外當強調時間或地點狀語時,通常也不能用when / where代that(尤其是當這些狀語為介詞短語時)。
四、用it is 還是it was
我們可以根據原句時態來確定用It is 還是It was。如果原句時態屬于現在時間范疇(包括一般現在時、現在進行式、現在完成時、一般將來時等),則用It is …;如果原句時態屬于過去時間范疇(包括一般過去時、過去進行時、過去完成時、過去將來時等),則用It was …。概括地說,主句與從句的時態應保持一致。It is Tom and Mary that often take care of the old couple every Sunday. (皆用現在時) It was in Nanchang that the exhibition took place two days ago. (皆用過去時)
五、在“it is/was not until… that…”強調結構中,that從句中的謂語動詞要用肯定式,且that引導句子用陳述句語序,不可倒裝
如:It was not until the rain stopped that they started. 直到雨停了他們才出發。
六、強調句的特殊疑問式
強調句的特殊疑問式相當于對句子成分提問,結構為:When/how/what/where/who/why was/is it that +句子的其他成分。如When was it that you lost your box? 或What was it that you had in your box?
七、近年高考試題頻繁出現的強調句
①It wasnt until nearly a month later( )I received the managers reply. (2005 全國) A. since、B. when、C. as、D. that
②--- ( )that he managed to get the information? (2005山東)
--- Oh, a friend of his helped him.
A. Where was it、B. What was it、C. How was it、D. Why was it
第1題考查“not…until…”的強調句型,答案是D。由于被強調的部分是時間狀語,故命題者給了三個與時間有關的干擾選項。第2題考查的內容雖然是“方式”而不是強調句本身,但這4個選項全都用了強調句型的特殊疑問式,無疑增加了理解的難度。句子的意思是他究竟是怎樣設法得到這消息的,故答案選C。
可見,只有對強調句型的基本結構及其不同的結構變體熟練掌握后考試時才能發揮自如,提高解題的速度和準確率。
(江西師大附中)