權潔
摘 要:在小學英語語篇教學中,培養學生的語言能力可以從教學方法入手,如設計情境,尋找生活話題,設計問題鏈,設計任務,細化語言點以及設計對話等。
關鍵詞:小學英語;語篇教學;語言能力
中圖分類號:G623.31 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1009-010X(2013)06-0039-05
在小學英語教學中,語篇教學有不可忽視的作用。利用語篇培養學生的語言能力很有必要。筆者對《牛津小學英語》5A Unit8 A camping trip 第一課時(PartA)的語篇教學,進行了探索,效果不錯。
一、情境設計要尋找生活話題,打開學生言語的心門
任何語言都來源于生活,聯系生活,應用于生活。因此,課堂導入應精心設計,找到學生喜愛的話題,學生才能大膽地說。
本課導入環節讓學生的筆友出現,以一封鄉村孩子的來信為契機,以鄉村孩子接受邀請,準備來徐州參觀的事情為導入,請學生為他們做小導游。在這個基礎上,引出話題,讓學生自由地說“Where can we take our friends to visit in Xu Zhou?”學生會說出許多徐州的地名,包括吃喝玩樂等等。在這些貼近學生生活的話題中,他們很容易找到語言點與發揮點。然后,在他們交流的基礎上,教師播放圖片(徐州新十景)“There are a lot of changes in Xu Zhou recently. Xu Zhou becomes more beautiful. Lets go camping in Xu Zhou.”“讓我們帶著我們的朋友在徐州野營”。從而引出課題, 為下面的教學做好鋪墊。
二、問題設計要巧用問題鏈,激發學生言語的思維
課堂教學就是問題教學,整個課堂就是圍繞若干個問題來完成教學的過程。優秀的課堂教學往往呈現的是“問題鏈”,不斷地去激發學生的思維,不斷引發學生相關聯的思考,展開學習活動。筆者在語篇教學中做了這樣的嘗試:讓學生自己對語篇提問,教師在學生提問的基礎上將問題分類整合、串聯,形成“問題鏈”,讓學生去發現問題,然后去解決問題,提高他們的自主學習能力。這樣的教學可鍛煉學生說的能力,教給學生的是學習的方法,培養的是學習的能力,讓學生越來越聰明。
下面是學生的提問: T: Look, our friends are camping . Can you ask some questions?(教師要求學生看課文圖片,自由提問,然后根據學生的提問,整合、串聯出一個完整的語篇教學的“問題鏈”。)
Ss:1.Who are they?
2.Where are they?
3.What are they doing?
4.What do they need?
5.When will they go there?
6.How do they go there?
7.Why do they go camping?
教師按照文本脈絡板書這些問題,沒有預設的生成,更能體現教學環節的真實以及以學生為主體的教學理念。另外,為了培養學生學習的興趣與積極性,可將這幾個問題,設計成一個競賽場景,問題作為一個個階梯,完成問題就可以登上山頂野營了。
通過自由提問,引出英語語篇教學中的四個以Wh—開頭的問題。(時間、地點、人物,事件)When,Where,Who, What,將語篇教學的脈絡清晰呈現。在鼓勵學生大膽提問的基礎上,有的學生還會提出how,Why,(怎樣,如何,為什么)等更深入的問題。對語篇有了更深入的思考,思維的發散與拓展在語言中顯現。
三、任務設計要細化語言點,訓練自主學習的能力
《英語課程標準》倡導“任務型”的教學途徑,培養學生對語言的綜合運用能力。指出教師應依據課程的總體目標并結合教學內容,創造性地設計貼近學生實際的教學活動,吸引和組織他們的積極參與。學生通過思考、討論、交流和合作等方式,學習和使用英語,完成學習任務。
上一個環節的“問題鏈”就成了我們對整個語篇的主要教學思路。在提出這些問題,學生整體了解教材后,再具體深入教材,細化知識點,像語文語篇教學一樣,由總到分,逐段分析、感悟教材。以問題導入,采用任務型教學,加入學法的指導,循序漸進地將語言點呈現,真正讓學生自主學習。
任務一:解決問題鏈中的前三個問題(When,Where,Who)
Task1: Listen to the first paragraph, answer the questions.
Tip1: Read the introduction quickly, answer these questions.
(學法指導: 聽讀,快速瀏覽引言回答問題)
出示課文第一段引言部分,解決三個問題
1.Who are they?
The children and their teacher.
講解“children—child”
Children=boys and girls Child=a boy or a girl
2.Where are they?
They are on the hill. They are at a camping site.
at a camping site在野營營地
at home , at a Music lesson
in the playgroud, in the classroom
3.What are they doing?
They are showing their things to each other.
講解”Show… to\ show”
Show …to each other. 互相展示
e.g:We are showing our photos to each other
任務二:解決第4個問題——“What do they need?”
Task2: Watch a cartoon——“What do they need?”
Tip2: Read the text and circle and fill in the blankets.
(學法指導: 聽讀課文,圈出人物所擁有的物品, 填上表格。)
自填表格,貼一貼:
T: You can fill in your working paper, put the things in the right place.(黑板上出示人物頭像,讓學生根據任務去找物品,張貼在黑板上。)
根據發音規律,自學單詞:
1 pen ten foot
tent 帳篷
2 dog hot lot box → pot 鍋
3 pumpkin worker
tin-opener 開罐器
4 lantern jacket
blanket 毯子
5 student open love
Stove 爐子
6 telephone see cope
telescope 望遠鏡
7 a tin of chicken\fish
a tin of 一罐……,一聽……
e.g: a box of …
a bar of…
a pair of…
a cup\glass of…
…
(make phrases like this…)
任務三:學習語言的技巧。
聽讀課文—Listen and read the text ,learn how to make dialogue
Tip4: Listen and read the text,
(聽讀課文,畫出文中問與答的句子。)
How to ask?
1.What do you \they have?
2.What does he \she have?
How to answer?
1. I\We\They have…
2. He\she has…
Make dialogues in groups:
1.What do you \They have?
I \we \They have…
2.What does he \she have?
He \ she has…
e.g: A: I have a …
B: You have…
C: What does he\she have?
D: He\she has…
…
watch and fill in :
e.g: Liu Tao has a tent.
…
在以上三個任務教學中,凸顯的是對學生解決問題的方法的指導與學習能力的培養。任務一通過問題的導入,包括時間、地點、任務、事件,將課文前言部分清晰地呈現。任務二有兩個步驟,首先利用表格的引導,加上學法的指導,學生掌握了語篇的主要脈絡,條理清晰,一目了然;其次是根據發音規律,自學單詞。在這個任務教學中,學生學會了對知識點的歸納與總結,把書讀薄,學會抓住重點。任務三是對句型構成規律的發現、總結、歸納和運用。在這個任務型教學環節中,給了學生更多的自主去自己發現,發現單詞的結構,發現句型的結構,提升學生自學語言點的能力。智慧的課堂應該放手,應該教給學生學習的方法,進而提升學生學習的能力。
四、對話設計,總結性閱讀,提高口語表達的能力
1.Read and act the dialogue —跟讀課文,表演對話.
2.Read and fill in the blankets —讀課文,填空。
(Read one by one, read togrther)
The _______ and their teachers are now near the _____.They are at a camping site. They are _______ their things to each other. ______ has a big tent. David has a ____. Nancy ____ a chair and a tent. She is sitting near her tent. Helen has a tin of chicken and a tin of ___. ________ has a tin-opener. Mike has a pot and a stove. ______________ have two blankets and a telescope. Miss Li and Mr Green ____ a box of chocolates and some fruit.
[hill, Liu Tao, Su Hai and Su Yang, Yang Ling, children, chair, fish, showing ,have ,has]
3.Retell the text
T: Now ,we know a lot about this camping trip . Can you say something about this camping trip? Look at the blackboard ,talk with your parnters.
這個環節的設計是在問題全部解決的基礎上再回到課文,整體把握教材。在這個環節中設計了三個梯度,適合不同層次的學生來掌握教材,三個環節循序漸進,由易到難,讓學生逐步掌握。第一個梯度,跟讀語篇可以培養學生良好的語感,提高口語表達能力。在熟讀語篇的基礎上進行課文表演,這有利于學生在模擬的情景中加深感悟;第二個梯度,讓學生口頭復述聽力材料,其目的在于培養學生的初步交際能力,訓練口頭表達能力;第三個梯度,采用敘述的方式復述課文,這是訓練學生語言表達的更高要求,既是語言知識向口語表達能力轉化的有效途徑,也是學生提高口語表達能力的好方法。它既有助于知識的掌握,又有助于口語能力的提高。它既有較強的綜合性,又有一定的創造性,使學生在復述課文過程中得到全面的鍛煉。分角色讀對話,表演對話,復述課文是學生語言能力的展示。
五、留白設計,跳出文本,培養學生的發散思維
對于語篇中找不到答案的問題,要留一點時間讓他們思考,引發學生反思,這個“空白”要主動給學生留下來,這就是“留白設計”,讓學生去反思,去總結,去發現規律。學生自己尋找到的,比老師告知的要牢固、要管用。在學生的提問中,解決了4個Wh-(when\where\who\what)問題后,有三個問題是課文中找不到現成答案的問題when,how,why(時間、如何,為什么的問題),需要學生利用所掌握的語言能力,自己總結。學生要跳出文本,發散思維。在教學環節中,我做了大膽的實踐,學生的回答與表現讓人稱贊。
1.When do they go there?
2.How do they go there?
3.Why do they go there?
分別解決問題,讓學生自由回答:
1.When do they go there?
S1:Maybe on Saturdays.
S2:Maybe on Sundays.
S3:Maybe on Holidays.
S4:Maybe in Summer Holiday.
S5:Maybe in Winter Holiday.
S6:Maybe at the weekends.
S7:Anytime we like.
2.How do they go there?
S1:By bus. S2:By bike. S3:By taxi.
S4:By train. S5:By metro S6:On foot.
3.Why do they go camping?
S1: 欣賞美景 They can enjoy the beautiful scenery
S2:增進友誼 They can promote friendship
S3:學會分享 They can learn to share
S4:獨立生活 They can live by themselves
S5:鍛煉身體 Physical exercise
S6:愛我家鄉 They can love their hometown,
We can love our hometown.
六、情感設計,放飛思維, 提升學生語言的潛能
語篇教學要發掘教材的感情,在情感的共鳴中,讓學生大膽、由心而發真正放飛思維。由于筆者從中年級起就在課前5分鐘讓學生按照語篇創作對話表演活動,一直堅持,兩年來,學生創作出許多作品,日積月累,慢慢提高了學生對語言的運用能力和合作、表演與創作的能力。所以,我在這里安排一個教學環節——以情導入,小組表演活動,尋找情感的共鳴,真正發掘學生的語言潛能,他們依靠語篇,發掘語篇,充分自由地發展語言能力。
T:Oh, we have finished the six questions and climb on the hill.
Would you like to go camping on the hill?
“Lets go camping!”歡呼聲,播放野營圖片。(本環節呼應前面設計的登山的問題,完成“問題鏈”,登上山頂野營)。
T:How funny the camping is !But when we go camping, enjoy our life, the children in the Moutain Area have never enjoyed camping.
What about their life? Look!
(觀看鄉村孩子生活學習環境,在與我們的生活對比中引起同情心。)
小組表演活動Practises
“My dear friend, What can I do for you?” Discuss in groups, what can we do for the students of the mountain area?
(“我親愛的朋友,我能為你做些什么?!”小組內討論,創作小劇或自由發言,我們可以為山區的孩子做些什么?)
學生創作小劇表演展示:
(一)夏天野營
I would like to invite my friend to go camping in Yun Long Lake. This summer holiday, my parents, my friend and I will go there by car.
I have a door and a kite. My father has a pot and a stove. My mother has a tent. My friend has a walkman and a yo-yo, we can listen to the music and play with a yo-yo. We can play with water. We can swim. We can fly a kite. We can sleep on the grass.
How funny the camping is!
(二)冬天野營
I like skating and skiing.
So, I will go camping with my parents and friends this winter holiday.
We will go to Harbin. Its very cold there. I have a big coat, a warm sweater. I need a hat, a scarf and a pair of gloves. We can go skating and go skiing in the ski field . Let the friends enjoy the warmth of home.
(三)小組合作表演——“親愛的朋友,我能幫助你們”
A:Hello. What can we do for the students? What do you have? …
B: We have lots of toys . I have two pandas, they are white and black. They are fat and lovely! My brother has an elephant. It has a long nose, big ears. a beautiful doll. It has yellow hair, big eyes and red dress. Its very beautiful.
I want to go to their school,and give them these toys . I hope they will have colourful childhood. They need books, toys, clothes and stationaries.
Lets show our love!
I can incourage them : To study hard, to change your life!
What does she have?
C: She has some stationaries. She has a new pencil-case. She has some pencils ,some rubbers. She has a big school bag. She has lots of books .
We hope they will love our books.
(四)A Letter——一封回信
Lets go camping!
Dear Children:
Hello!
Im Huang Jingqi , Im from Gu Lou Primary School. My hometown Xu Zhou has lots of changes. It becomes more beautiful and cleaner. I believe your school is better now.
Welcome to Xu Zhou, if you can come here , Id like to make a camping plane for you and your classmates. We can go to Jiu Long Lake with a big bag, some water ,some food ,two tents, some chairs and some things for cooking.
The first day, we can catch fish with your bucket. Thats interesting! The fish are very little and clever, thats funny!
The second day ,we can walk in the park and look at all the things, you can see a lot of good things: a clear lake, some animals ,some grass and flowers… They are all beautiful! Lets wait and see.
The third day, we can make a camping party, we can sing, dance, cook, swim, play football, listen to the music, draw and so on. And all the nights, we can live in two big tents, one is for the boys, the other one is for the girls, ok?
Isnt it happy? Well, come here please, You will be very joyful!Come on, dear! Come and play with us!
Huang Jingqi
Nov. 13th.2012
最后一個拓展環節,通過小組討論活動,你如何來幫助鄉村的孩子“ My dear friend, What can we do for you?”——利用這個幫助活動來喚醒學生的共鳴,達到情感的升華。最后一次語言的交流——把展現語言的自主權全部交給學生,他們依托語篇,超越語篇,在小組活動中,自編自創小劇,大膽發揮想象力,采用形式多樣的方式來交流。學生對語言的應用能力大大提高,真正體現英語教學的聽說讀寫,尤其是最后一個學生,自創了一幅畫,還寫了一封E-Mail,真情流露,感人至深。這也是我校本學期舉行“今天我來當小老師——培養學生語言能力”的一個成果展示,是發展學生語言能力的一項課外活動。學生的語言能力在這里得到大大提高與升華。
從小學英語課程的目標來看,語篇教學的目標并不單一,它可以看成是一個由不同維度的小目標交織在一起而形成的“復合體”。按課程標準的說明,小學英語語篇教學的目標至少包括:知識學習層面、技能訓練層面、策略培養層面、智能開發層面、情感熏陶層面和文化意識層面。總之,語篇教學有不可忽視的作用,教師要善于捕捉訓練的機會,多學習,多實踐,使我們的教學策略和方法不斷完善,不斷提高學生的英語語言能力。我們由衷地希望通過英語語篇教學來引導學生學習和運用語言知識,提高語言技能,獲取所需信息,了解多元文化,享受閱讀過程,開啟人生智慧并發展獨立人格。