試談漢語人稱代詞在英譯時表達方式的異同

潘尚河

潘尚河/廣西現代職業技術學院教授（廣西河池547000）。

由于漢英語言思維方式的巨大差異,對人稱代詞的表達意義、指稱以及表達方式也不盡相同。在漢英語言人稱代詞的互譯過程中需要結合實際情況進行綜合考慮。通常，在漢語語言中的某一人稱代詞譯成英語時，可能會有不同的表達形式，筆者認為很有研究的必要。

一、對應

即漢語原文使用人稱代詞，英語譯文也用人稱代詞。同樣，漢語原文沒有使用人稱代詞，英語譯文也不使用人稱代詞。例：

我們中華民族有同自己的敵人血戰到底的氣概，有在自力更生的基礎上光復舊物的決心，有自立于世界民族之林的能力。

We Chinese nation have the spirit to fight the enemy to the last drop of our blood,the determination to recover our lost territory by our own efforts,and the ability to stand on our feet in the family of nations.(毛澤東：《論反對日本帝國主義的策略》，北京外文出版社1961年版譯文)

她站在窗子跟前，悶悶不樂地瞅著外面灰蒙蒙的后院，一只灰色的貓正在灰色的籬笆上行走。

She stood by the window and looked out sadly at a gray cat walking along a gray fence in a gray backyard.(0.Henry.The Gifts)

在我們這個世紀內研制了許多新奇的交通工具，其中最奇特的也許就是氣墊船了。

Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century,the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.

把西紅柿切成片，擺在小盤子里。

Slice the tomato finely and place it in a small dish.

二、省略

即漢語原文使用人稱代詞，英語譯文省略（不用）人稱代詞。例：

你過來吧！

Come here,please!

走在厚厚的地毯上。我聽不到一點腳步聲。

The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.（Joseph）

在舉行個別交談之前，我已經就所有要討論的問題預先擬好了備忘錄。

Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meeting on matters to be discussed.

憑良心講，你待我禮貌有加，我卻受之有愧。

My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness.

我們最近查找到了卷宗，發現本局并無此信。可以肯定的是，我們于兩個月前收到此信，經研究后，已寄還貴處。

A current search of the files indicates that the letter is no longer in this bureau’s possession.It is noted that the letter was received two months ago,and after study,returned to your office

三、增補

即漢語原文沒有（隱含）人稱代詞，英語譯文增補人稱代詞。例：

學而不思則罔，思而不學則殆。

He who learns but does not think is lost；he who thinks but does not learn is perilous.

人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。

We can’t judge people from their appearance,just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints.

必須熟習各種國際慣例。

You should be familiar with various international practices.

不要在此停車。

We can’t park here.

到了濟南府，進得城來，家家泉水，戶戶垂楊，比那江南風景，覺得更為有趣。

When he reached Jinan and entered the city,there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door,which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south.(by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang)

四、轉換

（一）即漢語原文使用人稱代詞作主語，英語譯文改變用其它形式作主語。例：

我給你打國際直撥就跟給樓下的李姐打電話差不多，一撥就通。

An international phone call to you is as easy as a call to Sister Li downstairs.（武漢大學外語學院主編：《今日武漢》）

她從來沒想到他是個不誠實的人。

It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.

我害怕起來了，而且越來越害怕。

Then fear set in and commenced to build up.

有時我們很難區分真偽。

Sometimes you can hardly tell the real from the false.

（二）即漢語原文使用人稱代詞，英語譯文使用人稱代詞的其它形式

1.漢語原文用人稱代詞的所有格，譯文使用人稱代詞的主格形式。例：

你的左邊有一條河。

You have a river on your left.

我們的事業從勝利走向勝利。

We have won one victory after another for our cause.（程鎮球：“漢英翻譯問題”載《中譯英技巧文集》）

2.漢語原文用人稱代詞主格，譯文用人稱代詞所有格形式。例：

他心直口快，總是愿意和任何人交朋友，所以很快就贏得了大家的信任。

His outspokenness and readiness to make friends with anyone soon won their trust.

在手電筒光下，我看到了她訂婚的戒指閃閃發光。

My flashlights picked up the glitter of an engagement ring on the girl’s hand.

3.漢語原文用人稱代詞主格，譯文使用人稱代詞賓格形式。例：

我興奮得什么都說不出來。

Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.

我一想到還要在這里呆一年就渾身不舒服。

The thought of spending another year makes me physically sick.

在過去的一年里.我們取得了很多成就。

The past year has seen us make great achievements.

4.漢語原文用人稱代詞主格，譯文用物主詞語。例：

“又過了幾個月，我見他們手上戴著結婚戒指。可是，他們不像以前那樣健談了，她又在看書，他在看報。”（胡文：《愛情故事》）

Months later,ring appeared glistening on their fingers but chatting became fewer for it was replaced by reading,one with a book and the other a newspaper.

……到去年底，我部已同有關省市簽訂了100余艘中小船舶的建造合同和協議。

By the end of the last year,contracts and agreements were signed with some provinces and cities for the construction of more than 100 medium-and –small-size vessels.(敏雷：“關于科技資料漢譯英問題”，載《中譯英技巧文集》)

如果你真正意識到這一點，你就會明白最重要的是活出自己的風采與滋味來。

A full awareness of this will point out to you that the most important thing in your existence is your distinctive individuality or something special of yours.

5.漢語原文用人稱代詞主格，譯文用there be句型。例：他今天的舉止有些反常。

There is something strange about his behavior today.

還將有一些生活極端貧困的人們，他們還需要政府的資助。

There will still be some people living in extreme poverty,who are still in need of government’s financial support.

總之，漢英語言人稱代詞在互譯時有一定的相似性，但同時存在巨大的差異，只有注意到這些差異，在互譯過程中我們才能根據實際情況，按照譯語的表達習慣進行綜合考慮，才能使得譯文表達得完整正確、流暢自然。

[1]毛榮貴.新世紀大學漢英翻譯教程[M].上海：上海交通大學出版社，2002

[2]張培基.英漢翻譯教程[M].上海：上海外語教育出版社，2001

[3]劉宓慶.現代翻譯理論[M].南昌：江西教育出版社，1990

[4]黃立波.英漢翻譯中人稱代詞主語的顯化——基于語料庫的考察[J].外語教學與研究，2008（6）

[5]陳宏薇.新編漢譯英翻譯教程[M].上海：上海外語教育出版社，2004