院士風采

施履吉

1917.10.26～2010.12.14

細胞生物學家。江蘇儀征人。1940年獲浙江大學園藝系學士學位。1951年獲美國哥倫比亞大學動物系哲學博士學位。中國科學院上海細胞生物學研究所研究員。用高精度、高靈敏度定量定位法證實胚胎發育雙梯度的理論，從而結束了實驗胚胎及化學胚胎學術界的長期爭論；是國際上最早發現細胞質內DNA的科學家之一；首先用受精卵作DNA受體細胞探討DNA的作用，為高等動物遺傳轉化打下基礎，并首先發現分離染色質可以形成細胞核，開辟了一條研究領域；1985年提出以動物個體作為生物工程發酵罐并與合作者獲得了轉基因動物；與合作者對染色體關鍵元件——著絲粒進行系列研究獲得其DNA。創建了中國科學院生物實驗中心。1980年當選為中國科學院院士（學部委員）。

Cell biologist. Born in Yizheng, Jiangsu Province. Graduated from Horticulture Department, Zhejiang University in 1940. Received Ph.D. from Zoology Department, Columbia University, USA in 1951. Research professor, Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Shi proved the double-theory of embryo development by using high precision and high sensitive quantitative location method, which ended the protracted debate in the field of experimental embryology and chemical embryology. He is one of the scientists in the fworld who first found DNA in cytoplasm. He first investigated the function of DNA by using fertilized egg as DNA receptor, which laid the foundation of genetic transformation of higher animal. He is also the first who foun that isolated chromatin could form cell nucleus, which created a new research area. In 1985, he proposed to use individual animal as biological engineering fermentor and acquired transgenic animals with his collaborators. Moreover, he has done a series of research on centromere, a key element of chromosome, and obtained its DNA. He established the Biological Experiment Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences.

He was elected Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980.

婁成后

1911.12.07～2009.10.16

植物生理學家。原籍浙江紹興，生于天津。1932年獲清華大學生物系理學士學位；1934年獲嶺南大學碩士學位。1939年獲美國明尼蘇達大學博士學位。北京農業大學教授兼中國科學院上海植物生理研究所研究員。首先證明植物生活組織中通過胞間絲具有“細胞間的電偶聯”，顯示電解質可以在組織的原生質內部轉移；還證明胞間連絲可以在適當情況下轉變為開放通道，容許原生質與病毒等大顆粒通過。電化學波（動作、變異、持續震蕩）在體內的傳遞不僅限于少數敏感植物，而且在適當條件下出現在普通植物中；局部（如根系）收到刺激或傷害，或是逆境的脅迫就會發出電化學波或激素，通過維管束較快地傳遞到冠部，隨即在葉片上出現反應（如氣孔關閉）。首先在國內探討類似生長素2,4—D機理的基礎上，開展“生物化學調控劑”在調節作物生育與防除田間雜草的應用，從而發展出保持農田水土與節省人工的殘茬覆蓋減耕作業。1980年當選為中國科學院院士（學部委員）。

BA from the Department of Biology, Tsinghua University in 1932, MA from Lingnan University in 1934 and Ph.D. from the Department of Botany, University of Minnesota, USA in 1939. Professor, Tsinghua University and Beijing Agricultural University , and research professor, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology, Chinese Academy of sciences.

Lou made accomplishments on material transport and information transmission in plant development. He first discovered “intercellular electrical coupling” in living plant tissue, revealed the transport of electrolytes within the tissue protoplasm and of enlargement the plamodesmata into open channel to allow the passage of protoplasmic ingredients and virus particles. He found that the eletro-chemical ware (including action, variation, & rhythmic pulsations ) transmission in excitable tissue is not limited to a few sensitive plants, but can be found under proper conditions in many ordinary plants and that part of the plant (e.g. root ) subjected to stimulation, injury or drought stress is able to send out electro-chemical wave or hormonal secretion through vascular bundle to the whole body, eventually inducing proper response in leaves ( e.g. stomatal closure ). He is the first in China to conduct studies on physiological mechanism of 2,4-D, its application as bio-chemical regulator and weed killer and to develop the labor-saving and soil-conserving “ residue mulching & reduced tillage system ”.He was elected Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980.

姚錱

1915.10.18～2005.11.04

實驗生物學、腫瘤生物學家。江蘇常熟人。1937年畢業于浙江大學生物系。1949年獲英國愛丁堡大學哲學博士學位。中國科學院上海細胞生物學研究所研究員。從事實驗肝癌等研究，建立了肝癌模型，發現化學物質誘發肝癌的發生率和肝癌組織學類型的性差別與營養因素有關。他和合作者建立了甲胎蛋白分離提純和免疫檢測方法，首先用于普查，為早期發現肝癌做出了貢獻，并發現人體肝癌細胞還具有一種新的膜相關胚胎抗原。組織和主持了抗人肝癌單克隆抗體的研究，在國際上首次獲得了具有較好選擇性的抗人肝癌單抗，經用放射性點標記后已成功地用于臨床肝癌患者定位診斷和治療。開展對小鼠胚胎肝癌細胞和胚胎干細胞的研究，建立了許多克隆細胞株，進行體外誘導分化和轉基因等研究。1980年當選為中國科學院院士（學部委員）。

Experimental biologist and cancer biologist. Born in Changshu, Jiangsu Province. Graduated from the Department of Biology, Zhejiang University in 1937. Received Ph. D. from the University of Edinburgh, UK in 1949. Research professor, Institute of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

In the field of experimental hepatic tumor, Yao established the transplantable hepatoma and discovered that the incidence of hepatoma induced by chemical carcinogen and the sexual difference of the histological type of hepatoma are related to dietary factors. He and his collaborators developed methods for the purification of d-fetoprotein (AFP) and its immunoassay. He is the first to use immune-diffusion method in mass screening, contributing to the early discovery of hepatic tumor. He also discovered that human hepatic tumor cells have a new membraneassociated embryonic antigen. He organized and directed the research on monoclonal antibodies against human liver cancer and obtained some most selective and specific antibodies, which are successfully used in tumor imaging and therapy of liver cancer after radioactive iodine labeling. He is currently studying the biology of mouse embryonal carcinoma cells and embryonic stem cells. He has established several clone cell lines and is undertaking induced differentiation in vitro and transgenic studies.

He was elected Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980.

徐冠仁

1914.03.07～2004.02.18

核農學家。江蘇南通人。1934年畢業于國立中央大學。1946年～1956年在美國學習和從事研究工作。1950年獲美國明尼蘇達大學博士學位。1956年回國，創建中國農業科學院原子能利用研究所，任研究員、名譽所長。他成功地進行高粱雄性不育系的轉育和輻射與同位素的研究，育出我國第一個高粱雜交種，取得顯著的經濟效益；利用小麥單體缺體整套材料開展遺傳育種研究；主持“水上無土種植水稻”獲得成功，在世界上尚屬首次。在美國曾采用熱中子和X-射線處理小麥，成功此得到抗桿銹病突變中，為當時抗病育種指出新途徑，收到國際上的重視。1986年美國明尼蘇達大學授予他杰出成就的獎章與獎狀。1980年當選為中國科學院院士（學部委員）。

Nuclear agriculturist. Born in Nantong, Jiangsu Province. Graduated from National Central University in 1934. Studied and conducted research in the USA from 1946 to 1956. Received Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1950. Returned to China in 1956. Research professor and honorary director, Institute for Application of Atomic Energy, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Xu is noted fro the peaceful use of atomic energy in agriculture. He founded the Institute for Application of Atomic Energy and successfully conducted the alternative breeding of sorghum male sterile line and the research on radiation and isotope. He cultivated the first sorghum hybrid and achieved prominent economic profits. He used a whole set of wheat monosomic and nullisomic materials to start the research on wheat heredity. He organized successfully the research on “Planting rice without soil on the water”, which was the first effort in the world. He treated wheat with hot neutron and X-ray in the USA and gained resistant mutant. This opened a new way for resistant disease breeding and was highly praised in the world. He received the Outstanding Achievement Award offered by the University of Minnesota in 1986.

He was elected Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980.