定語(yǔ)從句一直是學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)時(shí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),而學(xué)生對(duì)as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與其他相似的從句更容易混淆,現(xiàn)就它們作一簡(jiǎn)單的歸納與辨析。
一、as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞as 可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),但as只用在“the same…as…”“such … as…”“ so…as…”和“as…as…”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:
I’d like to use the same recorder as is used in class. (as 在從句中作主語(yǔ))
He is such a man as is always ready to help others.(as在從句中作主語(yǔ))
I am not so strong a man as I was.(as 在從句中作表語(yǔ))
She will marry as rich a man as she can find.(as 在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
辨析1. 當(dāng)先行詞被the same 修飾時(shí)用 as 與that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的比較
as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句表示 “相似”意義,即主句與從句所講的是同類的人或事物,而that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句表示“同一”意義,即主句與從句所講的是同一個(gè)人或事物。例如:
She wore the same (= the same kind of) dress as her younger sister wore. (她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。)
She wore the same ( = the very ) dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. (她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過(guò)的同一條連衣裙。)
辨析2. “such / so… as …” 與 “such / so…that …” 結(jié)構(gòu)的比較
在“such / so… as …” 結(jié)構(gòu)中,as 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),而在“such / so…that …”結(jié)構(gòu)中,that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句并在從句中不作任何成分。例如:
His plan was such a good one that we all agreed to accept it.(that不作任何成分)
His plan was such a good one as we all agreed to accept. (as作accept的賓語(yǔ))
He is so good a teacher as we all respect. (as作respect賓語(yǔ))
He is so good a teacher that we all respect him. (that不作任何成分)
二、 as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
辨析3. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的as與 which 的比較
關(guān)系代詞as與which都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,在從句中可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),區(qū)別如下:
(1)指代不同。as 一般不代替某個(gè)具體的名詞或代詞,而是代表整個(gè)主句或主句的一部分,而which 既可以代替某個(gè)具體的名詞或代詞,又可以代表整個(gè)主句或主句的一部分。例如:
Diaoyu Island belongs to China ,as / which is known to all.( as / which 代替整個(gè)主句 )
Anyway, that evening , which I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Richard’s place. ( which 代替先行詞that evening, 不可用 as)
(2)位置不同。as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,有時(shí)還可以放在主句的中間,而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句不能放在句首。例如:
As can be seen ,oceans cover more than 70% of the earth . (不可用which)
The teacher is from Shanghai , as / which they know from her accent.
(3)意義不同。as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句意義與主句的意義一致,從句內(nèi)容是意料之中或合情合理的,as常譯為“正如……”“像……”等,而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的意義與主句的意義不一致或者從句為否定意義時(shí)只能用which,which常譯為“這一點(diǎn)”“這件事”等。例如:
He got married again , as / which was expected. (他又結(jié)婚了,這是意料之中的事。)
He got married again , which was unexpected. (他又結(jié)婚了,這是出乎意料的事。不可用 as)
(4)as 與which 的互換。當(dāng)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的意義與主句意義一致時(shí),若關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語(yǔ),as 與which 可以互換,若關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語(yǔ),從句謂語(yǔ)中有系動(dòng)詞時(shí)as 與which 可以互換,但從句謂語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有系動(dòng)詞時(shí)只用which。例如:
The teacher is from Beijing, as / which they know from his accent .
He failed in the exam , as / which was expected .
Tom made rapid progress ,which delighted us . (不可用as)
(5)as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有be或者是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),形成了不少固定說(shuō)法。例如:
as we all know 正如我們都知道的那樣。
as you know 正如你知道的那樣。
as everybody knows正如每個(gè)人知道的那樣。
as we all can see 正如我們都能看到的那樣。
as anybody can see 正如任何人能夠看到的那樣。
as is mentioned above正如上面提到的那樣。
as often happens 正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣。
as is often the case 正如經(jīng)常的情況一樣。
as has been said before 如上所述。
as may be imagined 正如可以想象出來(lái)的那樣。
as is well known 眾所周知。
as is known to all /everybody正如大家知道的那樣。
as was expected 正如預(yù)料的那樣。
as has been already pointed out 正如已經(jīng)指出的那樣。
as has been reported in the newspaper 正如報(bào)紙上所報(bào)道的那樣。