
一、考點歸納
非謂語動詞是整個高中階段的重點語法項目,也是高考的必考點,出題形式主要體現(xiàn)在語法填空與寫作上。非謂語動詞的主要考點有:
考點一:不定式和動名詞作主語
1. 不定式表示具體或者一次性的動作,而動名詞表示一般或習慣的概念。
2. 在寫作中,動詞不定式和動名詞作主語常用it作形式主語,把作真正主語的不定式和動名詞短語移到句末,以使句子平衡。
考點二:不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語
1. 動詞不定式作表語表示具體或即將發(fā)生的動作,而動名詞表示習慣動作或者一般概念,或說明主語的內(nèi)容。
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞在句中作表語其實就相當于形容詞作表語。現(xiàn)在分詞常譯為“令人……的”,一般形容事物;過去分詞譯為“感到……的”多用來形容人。常見的動詞有interest,excite,thrill,frighten,surprise,shock,confuse,puzzle,please,bore等。
考點三:不定式和動名詞作賓語
1. 后面只能接動名詞作賓語的動詞主要有:finish,avoid,suggest,consider,appreciate,admit,delay等。
2. 只能接動詞不定式作賓語的動詞主要有:refuse,demand,agree,manage,decide,fail,intend,dare,offer,pretend,promise,expect等。
3. 既可接動名詞又可接動詞不定式(意思不同)的動詞主要有:stop,go on,regret,remember,forget,try,mean等。
4. 接動名詞表示被動意義的動詞主要有意為“需要”的require,want和need等。
考點四:不定式和分詞作賓語補足語
1. 接動詞不定式作賓語補足語的動詞主要有:tell,ask,expect,inspire,encourage,allow,remind,persuade,require,force,forbid等。
2. 感官動詞(feel,see,watch,notice,find,observe等)與使役性動詞(let,make,have等)后可接省略to的動詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作賓語補足語。前兩者都表示賓語與賓補有主動關(guān)系,區(qū)別在于不定式側(cè)重動作的全過程,而現(xiàn)在分詞強調(diào)動作正在進行;過去分詞則表示與賓語是動賓關(guān)系,即有“被動”之意。注意:作賓補的不定式變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r要加上to。
考點五:不定式、動名詞和分詞作定語
1. 動名詞說明名詞的功能,不定式強調(diào)動作正在進行。如:
動名詞:a sleep car臥鋪,a reading room閱覽室
現(xiàn)在分詞:a sleeping baby一個正熟睡的嬰兒
2. 當被修飾的名詞或代詞與非謂語動詞為主動關(guān)系或強調(diào)動作正在進行,則選用現(xiàn)在分詞;被修飾的詞與非謂語動詞為動賓關(guān)系或者表示動作已經(jīng)完成,則用過去分詞。另外,分詞作定語可以轉(zhuǎn)化為定語從句。
3. 動詞不定式作后置定語表示將要發(fā)生,表情態(tài)意義或者完成的動作。如:
Do you know the new teacher to teach us next term?(表將來)
= Do you know the new teacher who will teach us next term?
Louis is the proper person to help us out.(表情態(tài)意義)
=Louis is the proper person who can help us out.
考點六:不定式和分詞作狀語
1. 作目的狀語或在形容詞后作狀語,用動詞不定式。
2. 分詞可在句子中作伴隨、時間、讓步、原因、結(jié)果、條件和方式狀語,且可轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的狀語從句。
Working hard,you will succeed.=If you work hard,you will succeed.如果你努力工作,你會成功的。
His father died,leaving him a great sum of debts.=His father died,so that he left him a great sum of debts.他父親去世了,結(jié)果留下一大筆債務(wù)。
Noticing something was wrong,the young man lowered his head and walked to his seat. =When the young man noticed something was wrong...留意到情況不對勁,年輕人低著頭走到了自己的位置上。
Offered a small part,he promised to make every effort to perform to the best. =Although he was offered a small...雖然被提供了一個小角色,他答應(yīng)盡一切努力演好它。
二、解法指導
語法填空題中,若句中已有謂語動詞,又不是并列謂語時,所給動詞就是非謂語動詞。若是非謂語動詞就要確定是v-ing形式,-ed形式,還是to do,確定的方法主要有:
(1)作主語或賓語,通常用v-ing 形式表示習慣或一般情況,用不定式表示具體情況。
(2)作表語主要是現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞。
(3)作賓語補足語則為do,v-ing,v-ed形式。
(3)作目的狀語或在形容詞后作狀語,一般用不定式。
(4)作伴隨狀語,通常用分詞,若與邏輯主語是主動關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞(v-ing);若是被動關(guān)系,用過去分詞(-ed)。
注意:非謂語動詞的解題關(guān)鍵在于找到非謂語動詞的邏輯主語。
寫作中,可以用分詞短語作后置定語代替定語從句,或作狀語代替狀語從句來整合信息。
三、真題破解
[例1](2013年廣東)....but everyone added a little,always 25 (think)that it was only small and not very important,and look where we have ended up today.
解析:句子已經(jīng)有一個謂語added,且think前沒有并列連詞,因此判斷為非謂語動詞;又因think在句子中作狀語,與其邏輯主語是主動關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞thinking。
[例2](2011年廣東)I got on the bus and found a seat near the back,and then I noticed a man 18 (sit)at the front.
解析:考查感官動詞后接非謂語動詞作賓語補足語,賓語a man與sit在邏輯上是主動關(guān)系,可以填sit或sitting根據(jù)語境,此處強調(diào)動作正在發(fā)生,故最佳答案是sitting。
[例3](2013年基礎(chǔ)寫作)What’s more,it is greatly important for them to try to keep a good relationship with other members. 再者,對他們而言,重要的是與他人保持良好關(guān)系。
解析:動詞不定式為句子的真正主語,it作形式主語。
[例4](2011年基礎(chǔ)寫作)A book entitled Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother was published in 2010. 一本書名為《虎媽戰(zhàn)歌》的書出版于2010年。
解析:過去分詞短語作后置定語,相當于定語從句:which was entitled Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother。
四、即時練習
語法填空 用所給動詞的正確形式填空。
1 (fall) in love with a beautiful girl,a lion went to her parents and asked them 2 (marry) her to him.
The old parents did not know what to say.
Not 3 (like)the idea of giving their daughter to the lion,they did not want 4 (anger) the king of beasts.
At last the father said,“We are as glad as other parents
5 (marry)our daughter to you,but we fear that you might possibly hurt her. So 6 (remove)your claws and teeth,you can marry her.”
7 (love) the girl very much,the lion trimmed(修剪)his claws and took out his big teeth. 8 (come)to the parents again,he was simply laughed in his face. 9 (beat)out of the house,the lion felt 10 (depress) and died soon.
寫作運用 請以約120個詞就“財富與幸福”發(fā)表你的看法,要點包括:
(1)有些人認為財富能帶來快樂,他們通過辛勤勞動掙得財富。
(2)也有些人認為財富不能給他們帶來幸福,舉例說明。
(3)你的看法?
[寫作要求]注意恰當運用非謂語動詞。
參考答案或范文
語法填空
故事寓意: 有些人輕易相信別人的話,拋棄自己的長處,結(jié)果輕而易舉地被原來害怕自己的人擊敗了。
答案:1. Falling 2. to marry 3. liking 4. to anger 5. to marry 6. removing 7. Loving 8. Coming 9. Beaten 10. depressed
解析:1,3,5,6,7,8,9為非謂語動詞作狀語;2為動詞不定式作賓語補足語;4為動詞不定式作賓語;10為過去分詞作表語。
寫作運用
Wealth and happiness
Some people prefer wealth,thinking it can bring happiness to them. It is true that most of them try to acquire wealth by means of honest labor. They work hard and overcome many difficulties. Doing this,they feel very happy and pleased. In their view,spending money is a kind of happiness.
But others disagree,believing wealth can’t bring them happiness. For example,Hearing that one gets a fortune,the family members will come from different parts of the country and try to share the wealth with him. And afterwards,they will quarrel with one another,trying to share more. And sometimes even bloody fight and killing appear. What a terrible result!
In my opinion,I think there is no doubt that wealth brings happiness,especially in the modern society. Having money,you can lead a comfortable and colorful life. But we should take a proper attitude towards wealth. Remember:money is not everything.
分析:這是一篇典型的發(fā)表個人看法類的寫作,短文中多處使用非謂語動詞代替狀語從句或定語從句的表達,達到簡潔明了的效果。
總之,在平時的備考中,我們可以從非謂語動詞的用法比較中總結(jié)它們的用法區(qū)別。
(作者單位:增城中學)
責任編校 蔣小青