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主謂一致的考點歸納與解題指導

2013-12-31 00:00:00唐金妹
廣東教育·高中 2013年12期

一、考點歸納

從近年廣東高考語法填空題的謂語動詞填空來看,2007、2010、2013年考查一般過去時,內容分別是broke, presented, found;2012年考查與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣,答案是had bought。這些都沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。但2008,2009和2011年的答案分別是results,was informed 和was pretending,都要考慮主謂一致。

在英語句子里,謂語受主語支配,謂語必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致,這就叫主謂一致。大致可歸納為以下三個原則。

( 一)語法一致原則

語法一致就是謂語動詞和主語在單、復數(shù)形式上保持一致。

1. 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時,謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式;主語為復數(shù)時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。如:

(1)To study English well is not easy.學好英語不容易。

(2)Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.在陽光下閱讀對眼睛不好。

(3)What he said is very important for us all.他說的對我們大家很重要。

2. 主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞,盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等短語,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式;若主語為復數(shù),謂語用復數(shù)形式。如:

Mr. Green, together with his wife and children,has come to China. 格林先生,和他的妻兒,已經來到中國。

3. “either, neither, each, every,none 或no +單數(shù)名詞”和由some, any, no, every構成的復合不定代詞,都作單數(shù)看待。 如:None of them has been to America.他們中沒有一個去過美國。

4. 在定語從句中,關系代詞that, who, which等作主語時,其謂語動詞的數(shù)應與先行詞的數(shù)一致。如:He is one of my friends who are working hard. 他是我努力工作的那些朋友中的一個。

5. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, half of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構成的短語以及由“分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+名詞”構成的短語作主語,其謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據短語中of后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如:The rest of the lecture is wonderful./The rest of the students like playing basketball.演講的其余部分很精彩。/其余的學生喜歡打籃球。

a number of表示“許多”,作定語修飾復數(shù)名詞,謂語用復數(shù);the number of表示“……的數(shù)量”,主語是number,謂語用單數(shù)。

6. 在倒裝句中,謂語動詞的數(shù)應與其后的主語一致。如:There comes the bus.汽車來了。

(二)意義一致原則

意義一致就是謂語動詞的數(shù)必須和主語的意義一致(因有時主語形式為單數(shù),但意義為復數(shù);有時形式為復數(shù),但意義為單數(shù))。

1. 如果集體名詞指的是整個集體,它的謂語動詞用單數(shù);如果它指集體的成員,其謂語動詞就用復數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如:Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.四班在三樓。/四班的同學就班長人選未達成一致。

2. 若主語是書名、影片名、格言、劇名、報紙名、國名等的復數(shù)形式,其謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如:“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.《天方夜譚》是一本有趣的故事書。

3. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes 等詞作主語時,謂語用復數(shù),但如果這些名詞前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如:My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.我的眼鏡壞了。/床下那雙鞋子是他的。

4. “the + 形容詞或分詞”,表示某一類人時,動詞用復數(shù)。如:The old are taken good care of.老年人受到很好的照顧。

(三)就近一致原則

在英語句子中,有時謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語保持一致。

1. 當兩個主語由either ... or, neither ... nor, whether ... or ..., not only ... but also連接時,謂語動詞和鄰近的主語一致。如:Neither you nor he is right.你和他都不對。

2. there be句型be動詞單復數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and連接的兩個或多個主語,則應與靠近的那個主語保持一致。如:There are two chairs and a desk in the room./ There is a teacher and more than 50 students in the classroom.

二、解法指導

在語法填空中,如果括號給出的是動詞,又在句中作謂語,我們就應該從“時態(tài)、語態(tài)(主動和被動)、語氣、人稱與數(shù)(重點注意第三人稱單數(shù))”等方面來考慮。只有這樣才會考慮周到,才能提高我們做題的正確率。同理,在寫作中我們也應該多加注意主謂一致原則,力求寫出規(guī)范的句子來。

[例1] (2008年廣東)Being too anxious to help an event develop often 40 (result) in the contrary to our intention.

解析:此句Being too anxious to help an event develop是動名詞短語作主語,result是謂語動詞, “急于求成,往往會事與愿違”是客觀真理,應當用一般現(xiàn)在時;急于求成導致什么結果,是主動語態(tài);動名詞短語作主語,謂語用第三人稱單數(shù)形式;故填results。

[例2] (2009年廣東)When Jane got home, with her small but well-chosen present in her bag, her parents were already at table having supper. Her mother was excited. “Your father has at last decided to stop smoking,” Jane 40 (inform).

解析:根據前文可知直接引語是her mother說的話, 所以Jane是被告知(inform),要用被動語態(tài),根據前文got home和 was excited可知是一般過去時。主語Jane是第三人稱單數(shù); 綜合從時態(tài)、語態(tài)和人稱與數(shù)來考慮,填was informed。

[例3](2011年廣東) I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man sitting at the front. He 19 (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.

解析:從時態(tài)上考慮 pretend, 與后面的giving 對應,所以應該看作承前省略了進行時態(tài)中的was,即was pretending ... and was giving ...;語態(tài)上看是主動語態(tài); He作主語,第三人稱單數(shù);故填was pretending。

三、即時練習

用所給動詞的正確形式填空。

(一)

Summer is almost here, which 1 (mean) it is time to sign your kids up for swim classes again at the Community Pool. Classes begin on Monday, May 1, and will continue throughout the summer. Fifteen swim classes 2 (offer). Each class 3 (last) ten hours. A new class starts each week of the summer. Each class costs ¥20. The pool is big enough for six students per class.

Classes will increase in difficulty each week. The first week 4 (be) for children up to six years old. The last week is for advanced swimmers who want to improve their race and endurance skills.

Students can sign up for as many classes as they like, but they must pass the skills level test. Children who 5 (never attend) Community Pool classes must show up April 29 or 30 for a swim skills evaluation. Instructors will rate the students and assign them to a particular skill level.

Swim classes are fun for all. Swimming, like bicycling, 6 (be) a healthy and valuable skill that, once learned, is never forgotten.

“To teach young children 7 (be)a joy,” said Ginger, the lead instructor for swimming programs. “More than half of them 8 (terrify) when we put them into the water the first time. Two months later, they’re begging their parents to go to the pool every day.”

(二)

One day, Li Ping, together with his classmates 1 (go) out to have a barbecues on a hill, where there is a stream flowing through. Each of them 2 (bring) some food. There 3 (be) chicken, hams, fishes and vegetables. And plenty of water 4 (provide) too. As soon as they arrive there, everyone 5 (arrange) to do some work by their monitor. Both Linyan and her deskmate 6 (ask) to collect some dry wood, while Li Ping and his deskmate are in charge of fetching water. When everything 7 (be)ready, They begin their barbecues and then share the food together. But Tom, the only one of the boy students who 8 (come) from America has never used chopsticks before. As he uses them to take chicken, the chopsticks 9 (fall) on the ground, together with the chicken. The whole class 10 (laugh) but then they teach him how to use chopsticks patiently. What they do 11 (be) really helpful to him, and he soon learns it well. Not only his classmates but also Tom 12 (feel) very happy. Finally, they sing a song composed by themselves called “ The young 13 (love) and the old are respected in our country”. What a happy day!

答案與解析

(一)本文是夏季來臨時一則有關兒童游泳班招生的廣告,內容涉及初學班和提高班的課程安排和學費等問題以及讓孩子學會游泳的好處。

1. means句中which指代前面的句子 Summer is almost here,看作第三人稱單數(shù);從上下文看,用一般現(xiàn)在時;“這意味著”顯然是主動語態(tài);故填means。

2. are offered 因主語是復數(shù)形式;根據意義有15節(jié)課被提供,是被動語態(tài);是一般現(xiàn)在時;故填are offered。

3. lasts 主語是 Each class, 要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式;last這里是“持續(xù)”的意思,是主動語態(tài);是一般現(xiàn)在時;故填lasts。

4. is 主語The first week一段時間看作第三人稱單數(shù),是一般現(xiàn)在時;故填is。

5. have never attended定語從句的先行詞是復數(shù) Children;這里是指這以前從沒上過這種課的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,要用現(xiàn)在完成時;學生參與這種課是主動語態(tài),故填have never attended。

6. is 這里Swimming是主語,盡管后面跟有l(wèi)ike bicycling作狀語,還是要與主語Swimming一致,用第三人稱單數(shù);是一般現(xiàn)在時;故填is。

7. is 不定式To teach young children作主語,看作第三人稱單數(shù);是一般現(xiàn)在時;故填is。

8. are terrified 因half of后面的them是復數(shù),謂語動詞用復數(shù)。這里指“被嚇住了”,要用被動語態(tài),是一般現(xiàn)在時,故填are terrified。

(二)本文講述了李平和他的同學們一起去郊外燒烤的故事。他們從家里帶去了各種燒烤食物,然后分工協(xié)作,互相幫助,過得很快樂!還特別提到了教一位美國來的同學使用筷子的趣事。

1. goes 主語是Li Ping,盡管后面跟有together with,但謂語動詞要跟Li Ping保持一致,故用單數(shù);從上下文看用一般現(xiàn)在時,以下各題均如此;且是主動語態(tài),故填goes。

2. brings 因Each of them看作單數(shù),故填brings。

3. is 在there be句型中be動詞單復數(shù)取決于靠近be動詞的名詞,這里chicken是不可數(shù),故用單數(shù)。

4. is provided 這里plenty of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞water,謂語用單數(shù),而water作主語,是被動,故填is provided。

5. is arranged 此句 everyone作主語,謂語用單數(shù),這里是大家都被班長安排工作,所以是被動語態(tài),故填is arranged。

6. are asked 此句Both ... and ... 連接的兩個名詞作主語,謂語用復數(shù); 根據句意是被要求去拾柴,所以是被動;故填are asked。

7. is 因everything作主語,謂語用第三人稱單數(shù)。

8. comes 當“only one of+復數(shù)名詞”后接定語從句時,先行詞是the only one,謂語用第三人稱單數(shù)。

9. fall 當chopsticks等詞作主語時,謂語用復數(shù)。

10. laugh 這里The whole class指代全班同學,故謂語用復數(shù)。

11. is 主語從句What they do看作第三人稱單數(shù),故填is。

12. feels 在Not only ... but also句型中,謂語的數(shù)與Tom一致,用單數(shù)。

13. are loved “the+形容詞”指一類人,謂語用復數(shù),此處在意義上是被動關系,故用are loved。此題還可以根據后文并列成分are respected可知答案。

(作者單位:新會梁啟超紀念中學)

責任編校 蔣小青

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