郭宏興+高珂+陳曦+鄧慶文+唐蓉暉+鄧瑞華
[摘要] 目的 探討蘭索拉唑對經皮內鏡下胃造瘺術(PEG)并發癥的防治作用。 方法 選擇我院收治的鼻咽癌患者90例,分為對照組、1周治療組和2周治療組,每組30例,對照組行PEG腸內營養,1周治療組和2周治療組行PEG腸內營養后分別予蘭索拉唑治療1周和2周,分析4周后三組患者的營養指標和并發癥的發生情況。 結果 術后三組患者營養指標較術前明顯改善(P<0.01),治療組患者并發癥的發生率顯著低于對照組(P<0.01),1周治療組及2周治療組患者的并發癥發生率無明顯差異(P>0.05)。結論PEG能改善患者的營養情況,術后使用蘭索拉唑1周,能降低并發癥的發生。
[關鍵詞] 經皮內鏡下胃造瘺術;蘭索拉唑;并發癥
[中圖分類號] R730.5 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2014)02-0051-03
Clinical study on lansoprazole for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy complications prevention and treatment.
GUO Hongxing1 GAO Ke1 CHEN Xi2 DENG Qingwen1 TANG Ronghui1 DENG Ruihua1
1.Department of Gastroenterology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, China; 2.Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510900, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the role of lansoprazole for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy(PEG) complications prevention and treatment. Methods Researched ninety patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in our hospital. The patients were divided into control group, one week treatment group and two weeks treatment group, with each group thirty cases. The control group received PEG enteral nutrition, one week treatment group and two weeks treatment group were respectively given lansoprazole treatment one week and two weeks after received PEG enteral nutrition. The three groups patients of nutritional indicators and the incidence of complications were analysed after four weeks. Results The three groups patients after surgery compared with preoperative nutritional parameters improved significantly (P<0.01). The incidence of complications in treatment groups was significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.01). Patients in one week treatment group and two weeks treatment group with no significant difference in the incidence of complications(P>0.05). Conclusion PEG can improve the patient's nutritional status; postoperative use of lansoprazole one week, can reduce the incidence of complications.
[Key words] Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy; Lansoprazole; Complications
1980年經皮內鏡下胃造瘺術被介紹應用于臨床[1],30多年來PEG臨床應用的范圍不斷擴展,越來越受到重視,該項技術已在歐美、日本等國家替代外科胃造瘺,目前PEG已經成為需要長期腸內營養支持患者的首選方法,但其并發癥如吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血、消化性潰瘍等的發生率卻不容忽視。然而,目前國內尚無有效防治該并發癥發生的臨床研究,本研究探討蘭索拉唑防治PEG術后并發癥的臨床效果。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
1.1.1 病例標準 ①鼻咽癌經治療或未治療后,導致吞咽困難、神經性厭食患者;②患者可以耐受麻醉、胃鏡檢查以及一般手術;③患者有胃腸道功能存在,可以耐受腸內營養。④患者咽、食管、賁門無嚴重狹窄,可通過胃鏡檢查。
1.1.2 病例選取 根據病例納入標準,選取2010年10月~2013年8月我院收治的鼻咽癌患者90例。對照組30例,男24例,女6例,年齡33~82歲,平均(44.6±10.3)歲;1周治療組30例,男23例,女7例,年齡35~81歲,平均(46.2±15.1)歲;2周治療組30例,男25例,女5例,年齡32~80歲,平均(46.7±12.3)歲,三組患者的年齡、性別間具有均衡性。endprint
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 設備和藥品 日本Olympus公司生產的GIF-XQ260型電子胃鏡,美國COOK公司生產的PEG-24一次性使用胃造瘺管,活檢鉗,江蘇奧賽康藥業股份有限公司于2010年3月6日生產的注射用蘭索拉唑(奧維加)、國藥準字H20080336。
1.2.2 PEG腸內營養 患者術前禁食8h,常規檢查血常規、凝血常規、肝腎功能等正常后行PEG術?;颊呦茸髠扰P位,當胃鏡到達胃內后取仰臥位,檢查上消化道無器質性病變后,將胃鏡放置在胃體上部,調節胃鏡前端對準胃前壁,注氣使胃腔充盈擴張,并使胃壁與腹壁緊貼,將胃鏡置于胃體下部前壁,根據胃鏡在腹壁的透光點,用手指按壓局部腹壁,胃鏡下可見到胃前壁壓跡,即確定該處為造瘺部位,行皮膚消毒、鋪洞巾后,在穿刺點局部麻醉至腹膜,于穿刺點皮膚作0.6~1.0cm的切口至皮下,行鈍性分離至肌膜,將套管穿刺針垂直刺入胃腔后退出針芯,沿套管插導絲入胃腔,術者用活檢鉗經胃鏡活檢孔插入胃腔夾牢導絲,將胃鏡連同活檢鉗和導絲一起從口腔退出,將導絲與造瘺管鼠尾狀擴張導管套牢,緩慢將造瘺管引導經口送入胃腔并經腹壁開口處輕輕拉出,直至其尖端拉出腹壁外并感覺明顯阻力。再次插入胃鏡觀察蘑菇頭,使之與胃壁緊貼后消毒傷口,并在腹壁處固定,手術完畢。于手術24h后緩慢、少量、多次進食,術前、術后均常規應用抗生素預防感染,術后2周內傷口每日換藥1次。進食前后均用0.9%氯化鈉溶液30~50mL沖管,防止堵塞。每次喂食抬高床頭使患者處于半臥位或坐位,喂食完畢后保持此姿勢30~60min,以減少胃食管反流的發生。
1.2.3 蘭索拉唑治療 術后治療組患者均給予蘭索拉唑治療,按藥品說明書操作:用專用溶劑溶解注射用蘭索拉唑鈉40mg后,加入0.9%氯化鈉溶液100mL中稀釋后靜脈滴注,每隔12小時1次;1周治療組治療1周,2周治療組治療2周。
1.2.4 觀察指標 觀察三組患者術后4周體重指數(BMI)、血紅蛋白(HGB)、白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PA)營養指標情況。統計三組術后吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性潰瘍的發生情況。
1.2.5 統計學方法 采用SPSS 13.0統計軟件對數據進行處理,計量資料用(x±s)表示,多組比較行組間方差分析,兩兩比較采用q檢驗,計數資料比較采用χ2檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 三組營養指標改善情況
見表1。手術過程均順利,營養恢復良好,術后三組患者營養指標較術前明顯改善(P<0.01),三組間患者的營養指標無明顯差異(P>0.05)。
2.2 三組并發癥發生情況
見表2。治療前吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性潰瘍的發生率無明顯差異(P>0.05);治療組吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性潰瘍的發生率明顯低于對照組(P<0.01),而1周治療組及2周治療組患者的并發癥發生率無明顯差異(P>0.05)。
表1 三組患者營養指標的比較(x±s,n=30)
3 討論
鼻咽癌指發生于鼻咽黏膜上皮的惡性腫瘤,全球有80%的鼻咽癌患者在中國。鼻咽癌的發病率以中國的南方較高,特別是廣東的中部和西部的肇慶、佛山和廣州地區更高。鼻咽癌患者極易導致營養不良[2,3],給予鼻咽癌患者長期、安全、有效的腸內營養支持,是解決營養不良、提高生存率的一種必要途徑[4]。盡管鼻胃管飼仍為一種有效的管飼營養方法,但對患者身體和心理造成影響,極大地降低了患者的依從性[5,6]。改用PEG可以改善患者的生活質量,簡化護理,易于在家中進行護理,比鼻胃管更舒適和美觀;且患者可以自已給食、藏于腹上維持外表尊嚴、易于被患者所接受[7,8]。
自從1980年第1次報告PEG以來,現已廣泛地應用于臨床,它無需常規外科手術和全身麻醉的造瘺技術,可以在胃鏡室或病房局麻下進行,因此是一種操作簡便、創傷小、安全可靠的方法。但PEG是一種有創操作,操作中及操作后均會發生并發癥。研究顯示,1%~2%的患者死亡與并發癥有關[9],因為所選病人以及醫療技術的差異,并發癥的發生率有很大的差異。國外研究顯示,PEG的輕微并發癥率為13%,嚴重并發癥率為8%[10,11]。如何最大限度地預防并發癥,成為臨床不容忽視的問題。本實驗探討蘭索拉唑對PEG并發癥的防治作用,為臨床有效防治吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性潰瘍的發生提供有效依據。
胃壁細胞的質子泵抑制劑,抑酸作用強,特異性高,持續時間長久。胃酸分泌的最后步驟是胃壁細胞內質子泵驅動細胞內H+與小管內K+交換。質子泵抑制劑阻斷了胃酸分泌的最后通道,與以往臨床應用的抑制胃酸藥物H2受體拮抗劑相比較,作用位點不同且有著不同的特點,即夜間的抑酸作用好、起效快,抑酸作用強且時間長;不僅能非競爭性抑制促胃液素、組胺、膽堿及食物刺激迷走神經等引起的胃酸分泌,而且能抑制不受膽堿或H2受體阻斷劑影響的部分基礎胃酸分泌。質子泵抑制劑主要用于:消化性潰瘍出血、吻合口潰瘍出血[12];應激狀態時并發的急性胃黏膜損害和非甾體類抗炎藥引起的急性胃黏膜損傷;胃手術后預防再出血[13];全身麻醉或大手術后以及衰弱昏迷患者防止胃酸反流合并吸入性肺炎等[14,15]。蘭索拉唑是奧美拉唑升級換代產品,是一新型抑制胃酸分泌的藥物,其結構特點是側鏈中導入氟元素而取代苯并咪唑化合物,使其生物利用度較奧美拉唑提高了30%以上,而對幽門螺桿菌的抑菌活性比奧美拉唑提高了4倍。因此,PEG術后給予蘭索拉唑,更有利于防治PEG并發癥;但術后使用蘭索拉唑治療需要多長時間才合理,目前我們尚沒有這方面的理論依據。
我們的研究表明,對照組、1周治療組和2周治療組均可明顯改善鼻咽癌患者體重指數、血紅蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白營養指標情況(P<0.01),三組間患者的營養指標無明顯差異(P>0.05)。1周治療組和2周治療組吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性潰瘍的發生率明顯低于對照組(P<0.01),而1周治療組及2周治療組患者的并發癥發生率無明顯差異(P>0.05)。endprint
以上表明,PEG的腸內營養可明顯改善鼻咽癌患者的營養不良,及時地解決營養支持問題,術后使用1周的蘭索拉唑治療,能有效防治吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性潰瘍的發生。因此,對于改善病情的發展、提高患者的生活質量、減輕患者的家庭和社會負擔都有積極的作用,值得在臨床中大力推廣應用。
[參考文獻]
[1] Gaudw MW, Ponsky JL, Izant RJ Jr. Gastrostomy without laparotomy: a percutaneous endoscopic technique[J]. J Pediatr Surg, 1980, 15(6): 872-875.
[2] Abbasi AN, Zahid S, Bhurgri Y, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - an update of treatment and acute radiation induced reactions from a tertiary-care hospital in Pakistan[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011, 12(3):735-738.
[3] Peerawong T, Phungrassami T, Pruegsanusak K, et al. Comparison of treatment compliance and nutritional outcomes among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma with and without percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy during chemoradiation[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012, 13(11):5805-5809.
[4] 魏祥志, 張科, 汪永和, 等. 賁門癌、食管癌術后早期腸內營養應用的體會[J]. 中國現代醫生, 2011,49(31) :139-141.
[5] Oostdijk EA, de Smet AM, Bonten MJ, et al. Effects of decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in intensive care unit patients on 1-year survival[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2013, 188(1):117-120.
[6] Hutchinson E, Wilson N. Acute stroke, dysphagia and nutritional support[J]. Br J Community Nurs, 2013, Suppl:26-29.
[7] Thomson M, Rao P, Rawat D, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and gastro-oesophageal reflux in neurologically impaired children[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2011, 17(2): 191-196.
[8] McGinnis CM, Worthington P, Lord LM. Nasogastric versus feeding tubes in critically ill patients[J]. Crit Care Nurse, 2010, 30(6):80-82.
[9] Johnston SD, Tham TC, Mason M. Death after PEG: results of the national confidential enquiry into patient outcome and death[J]. Gastrointest Endosc, 2008, 68(2): 223-227.
[10] Schrag SP, Sharma R, Jaik NP, et al. Complications related to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes. A comprehensive clinical review[J]. Gastrointestin Liver Dis, 2007, 16(4): 407-418.
[11] Szarszewski A, Szlzgatys-Sidorkiewicz A, Borkowska A, et al. Posterior gastric wall ulceration as a complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. A report of 2 cases[J]. Med Wieku Rozwoj, 2009, 13(3): 209-211.
[12] Yen HH, Yang CW, Su WW, et al. Oral versus intravenous proton pump inhibitors in preventing re-bleeding for patients with peptic ulcer bleeding after successful endoscopic therapy[J]. BMC Gastroenterol,2012, 12(1): 66.
[13] Tomita T, Kim Y, Yamasaki T, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of omeprazole and famotidine in preventing delayed bleeding and promoting ulcer healing after endoscopic submucosal dissection[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 27(9): 1441-1446.
[14] Yoshida S, Nii M, Date M. Effects of omeprazole on symptoms and quality of life in Japanese patients with reflux esophagitis: final results of OMAREE, a large-scale clinical experience investigation[J]. BMC Gastroenterol,2011,11(1): 15.
[15] Chan WH, Khin LW, Chung YF, et al. Randomized controlled trial of standard versus high-dose intravenous omeprazole after endoscopic therapy in high-risk patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding[J]. Br J Surg, 2011, 98(5): 640-644.
(收稿日期:2013-11-06)endprint
以上表明,PEG的腸內營養可明顯改善鼻咽癌患者的營養不良,及時地解決營養支持問題,術后使用1周的蘭索拉唑治療,能有效防治吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性潰瘍的發生。因此,對于改善病情的發展、提高患者的生活質量、減輕患者的家庭和社會負擔都有積極的作用,值得在臨床中大力推廣應用。
[參考文獻]
[1] Gaudw MW, Ponsky JL, Izant RJ Jr. Gastrostomy without laparotomy: a percutaneous endoscopic technique[J]. J Pediatr Surg, 1980, 15(6): 872-875.
[2] Abbasi AN, Zahid S, Bhurgri Y, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - an update of treatment and acute radiation induced reactions from a tertiary-care hospital in Pakistan[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011, 12(3):735-738.
[3] Peerawong T, Phungrassami T, Pruegsanusak K, et al. Comparison of treatment compliance and nutritional outcomes among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma with and without percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy during chemoradiation[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012, 13(11):5805-5809.
[4] 魏祥志, 張科, 汪永和, 等. 賁門癌、食管癌術后早期腸內營養應用的體會[J]. 中國現代醫生, 2011,49(31) :139-141.
[5] Oostdijk EA, de Smet AM, Bonten MJ, et al. Effects of decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in intensive care unit patients on 1-year survival[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2013, 188(1):117-120.
[6] Hutchinson E, Wilson N. Acute stroke, dysphagia and nutritional support[J]. Br J Community Nurs, 2013, Suppl:26-29.
[7] Thomson M, Rao P, Rawat D, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and gastro-oesophageal reflux in neurologically impaired children[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2011, 17(2): 191-196.
[8] McGinnis CM, Worthington P, Lord LM. Nasogastric versus feeding tubes in critically ill patients[J]. Crit Care Nurse, 2010, 30(6):80-82.
[9] Johnston SD, Tham TC, Mason M. Death after PEG: results of the national confidential enquiry into patient outcome and death[J]. Gastrointest Endosc, 2008, 68(2): 223-227.
[10] Schrag SP, Sharma R, Jaik NP, et al. Complications related to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes. A comprehensive clinical review[J]. Gastrointestin Liver Dis, 2007, 16(4): 407-418.
[11] Szarszewski A, Szlzgatys-Sidorkiewicz A, Borkowska A, et al. Posterior gastric wall ulceration as a complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. A report of 2 cases[J]. Med Wieku Rozwoj, 2009, 13(3): 209-211.
[12] Yen HH, Yang CW, Su WW, et al. Oral versus intravenous proton pump inhibitors in preventing re-bleeding for patients with peptic ulcer bleeding after successful endoscopic therapy[J]. BMC Gastroenterol,2012, 12(1): 66.
[13] Tomita T, Kim Y, Yamasaki T, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of omeprazole and famotidine in preventing delayed bleeding and promoting ulcer healing after endoscopic submucosal dissection[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 27(9): 1441-1446.
[14] Yoshida S, Nii M, Date M. Effects of omeprazole on symptoms and quality of life in Japanese patients with reflux esophagitis: final results of OMAREE, a large-scale clinical experience investigation[J]. BMC Gastroenterol,2011,11(1): 15.
[15] Chan WH, Khin LW, Chung YF, et al. Randomized controlled trial of standard versus high-dose intravenous omeprazole after endoscopic therapy in high-risk patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding[J]. Br J Surg, 2011, 98(5): 640-644.
(收稿日期:2013-11-06)endprint
以上表明,PEG的腸內營養可明顯改善鼻咽癌患者的營養不良,及時地解決營養支持問題,術后使用1周的蘭索拉唑治療,能有效防治吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血和消化性潰瘍的發生。因此,對于改善病情的發展、提高患者的生活質量、減輕患者的家庭和社會負擔都有積極的作用,值得在臨床中大力推廣應用。
[參考文獻]
[1] Gaudw MW, Ponsky JL, Izant RJ Jr. Gastrostomy without laparotomy: a percutaneous endoscopic technique[J]. J Pediatr Surg, 1980, 15(6): 872-875.
[2] Abbasi AN, Zahid S, Bhurgri Y, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - an update of treatment and acute radiation induced reactions from a tertiary-care hospital in Pakistan[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011, 12(3):735-738.
[3] Peerawong T, Phungrassami T, Pruegsanusak K, et al. Comparison of treatment compliance and nutritional outcomes among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma with and without percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy during chemoradiation[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012, 13(11):5805-5809.
[4] 魏祥志, 張科, 汪永和, 等. 賁門癌、食管癌術后早期腸內營養應用的體會[J]. 中國現代醫生, 2011,49(31) :139-141.
[5] Oostdijk EA, de Smet AM, Bonten MJ, et al. Effects of decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in intensive care unit patients on 1-year survival[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2013, 188(1):117-120.
[6] Hutchinson E, Wilson N. Acute stroke, dysphagia and nutritional support[J]. Br J Community Nurs, 2013, Suppl:26-29.
[7] Thomson M, Rao P, Rawat D, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and gastro-oesophageal reflux in neurologically impaired children[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2011, 17(2): 191-196.
[8] McGinnis CM, Worthington P, Lord LM. Nasogastric versus feeding tubes in critically ill patients[J]. Crit Care Nurse, 2010, 30(6):80-82.
[9] Johnston SD, Tham TC, Mason M. Death after PEG: results of the national confidential enquiry into patient outcome and death[J]. Gastrointest Endosc, 2008, 68(2): 223-227.
[10] Schrag SP, Sharma R, Jaik NP, et al. Complications related to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes. A comprehensive clinical review[J]. Gastrointestin Liver Dis, 2007, 16(4): 407-418.
[11] Szarszewski A, Szlzgatys-Sidorkiewicz A, Borkowska A, et al. Posterior gastric wall ulceration as a complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. A report of 2 cases[J]. Med Wieku Rozwoj, 2009, 13(3): 209-211.
[12] Yen HH, Yang CW, Su WW, et al. Oral versus intravenous proton pump inhibitors in preventing re-bleeding for patients with peptic ulcer bleeding after successful endoscopic therapy[J]. BMC Gastroenterol,2012, 12(1): 66.
[13] Tomita T, Kim Y, Yamasaki T, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of omeprazole and famotidine in preventing delayed bleeding and promoting ulcer healing after endoscopic submucosal dissection[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 27(9): 1441-1446.
[14] Yoshida S, Nii M, Date M. Effects of omeprazole on symptoms and quality of life in Japanese patients with reflux esophagitis: final results of OMAREE, a large-scale clinical experience investigation[J]. BMC Gastroenterol,2011,11(1): 15.
[15] Chan WH, Khin LW, Chung YF, et al. Randomized controlled trial of standard versus high-dose intravenous omeprazole after endoscopic therapy in high-risk patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding[J]. Br J Surg, 2011, 98(5): 640-644.
(收稿日期:2013-11-06)endprint