劉麗麗
摘要
環胺螺環藻酸(Azaspiracid, AZA)是最近發現的一種貝類毒素,近年來在毒素成分、結構和毒性大小以及產生這類毒素的甲藻物種多樣性研究上取得了快速的進展。對產毒藻的物種多樣性、地理分布、形態學和系統發育以及毒素成分的研究進展進行了綜述。
關鍵詞 甲藻;環胺螺環藻酸;環胺螺環藻屬;貝類毒素
中圖分類號 S917 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 0517-6611(2014)11-03293-03
Abstract Azaspiracid is a recently reported shellfish toxin. In recent years, great progresses have been made on toxin composition, structures, toxicity, and dinoflagellate diversity responsible for these toxins. Here we review the species diversity and biogeography of these toxic dinoflagellates, morphology and phylogeny, and toxin composition.
Key words Dinoflagellate; Azaspiracid; Azadinium; Shellfish toxin
環胺螺環藻酸(Azaspiracid, AZA)是一類聚醚類生物毒素,其結構包括1個環胺(Cyclic amine/aza group)、3個螺環(Trispiroassembly)和1個羧酸(Carboxylic acid),因此得名 AZA-SPIR-ACID。人食用AZA毒素污染的貝類會出現惡心、嘔吐、腹瀉、胃痙攣等癥狀,因此歐盟通過立法確立了雙殼軟體動物中AZA的最大檢出限(160 μg/kg貝肉)。在所有已知的海洋貝類毒素中,AZA毒素是最晚發現的一類,但最近幾年在產毒藻的分類學研究、毒素衍生物的結構分析等領域取得了飛速的發展。筆者對產毒藻的物種多樣性、地理分布、形態學和系統發育以及毒素成分的研究進展進行了綜述,并對今后的研究方向進行了展望。
1 環胺螺環藻貝類毒素產毒藻
1.1 物種多樣性和地理分布
1995年在荷蘭發生了食用貽
貝造成的中毒事件[1],3年后這種毒素被命名為環胺螺環藻酸-1(AZA1)[2]。2009年,AZA毒素被確定是由環胺藻屬(Azadinium)的甲藻產生的。迄今為止該屬已經描述了7個物種,首先在蘇格蘭所屬的北海發現了具刺環胺藻(Azadinium spinosum)[3],此后從同一個海域發現了肥胖環胺藻(Azadinium obesum)[4],接著在丹麥所屬的北海發現了腹孔環胺藻(Azadinium poporum)[5]。2012年,在法國發現的Amphidoma caudata被轉移到環胺藻屬,并建立了2個變種,尾環胺藻尾變種和尾環胺藻瑪格麗變種(var. caudatum 和Azadinium caudata var. Margalefii)[6];同年在蘇格蘭設德蘭群島又發現了長孔環胺藻(Azadinium polongum)[7]。2013年于地中海發現了右側環胺藻(Azadinium dexteroporum)[8]。唯一
在歐洲以外發現的物種是大連環胺藻(Azadinium dalianense)[9],分離自我國大連海域。環胺藻除了自由生活外,還可以與放射蟲共生[10]。
環胺藻屬的生物地理分布信息還十分有限,腹孔環胺藻在韓國和我國海域都有分布[11-12],具刺環胺藻在阿根廷海域引發過赤潮[13],也分布在墨西哥海域[14]。
1.2 形態學
除了尾環胺藻外, 其他的環胺藻無論是大小還是形態都很接近(表1)。已描述的物種都是自養型的,靠近細胞表層有1個葉綠體。大部分種類在光鏡下可以看到像環一樣的柄狀淀粉粒。環胺藻屬的甲板方程式是Po,cp,X,4′,3a,6′′,C6,5S,6′′′,2′′′′,唯一的例外是大連環胺藻,其頂板只有3塊,前間插板只有2塊,因此對環胺藻屬的定義也相應進行了修訂[9]。環胺藻屬的細胞都有1個明顯的頂孔復合體,包括1塊頂孔板和1塊導溝板。頂孔板中央有1個頂孔,被1塊蓋板蓋住。導溝板有特殊的三維結構。5塊縱溝板的排列也非常有特點。前縱溝板很大,侵入細胞上殼,左縱溝板狹長,從第2塊橫溝板一直延伸到第6塊橫溝板。部分物種的第2塊底板有1根很小的刺 (具刺環胺藻,長孔環胺藻和右側環胺藻)或者1個明顯的角 (尾環胺藻)。環胺藻都有1個明顯的腹孔,但各個物種腹孔的位置并不相同,是種間區分的重要特征之一(表1)。
1.3 系統發育 3 展望
目前環胺藻屬已經發現了7個物種,但是其物種多樣性的研究還遠未結束,而其生物地理分布的研究則剛剛起步?;诜肿有蛄械亩縋CR法和原位雜交熒光檢測技術可用于檢測水體中的環胺藻[32],該技術不僅可以用于生物地理學的研究,而且可以用于研究產毒環胺藻的季節變化,從而為貝類毒素含量的監測提供依據。
目前大部分環胺螺環藻酸成分的毒性還不清楚,因此研究各種成分,尤其是AZA-40、AZA-41等成分的毒性是今后急需開展的工作,對這些新發現的毒素成分結構進行研究則有助于理解毒性大小的變化。轉錄組學技術的發展為尋找相關的環胺螺環藻酸基因提供了可能,由于同一物種存在有毒株和無毒株,因此發展針對產毒基因的檢測技術更具有針對性。
參考文獻
[1]
MCMAHON T,SILKE J.Winter toxicity of unknown aetiology in mussels[J].Harmful Algae News,1996,14:2.
[2] SATAKE M,OFUJI K,NAOKI H,et al.Azaspiracid,a new marine toxin having unique spiro ring assemblies,isolated from Irish mussels,Mytilus edulis[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,1998,120(38):9967-9968.
[3] TILLMANN U,ELBRCHTER M,KROCK B,et al.Azadinium spinosum gen.et sp.nov.(Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins[J].European Journal of Phycology,2009,44(1):63-79.
[4] TILLMANN U,ELBRCHTER M,JOHN U,et al.Azadinium obesum (Dinophyceae),a new nontoxic species in the genus that can produce azaspiracid toxins[J].Phycologia,2010,49(2):169-182.
[5] TILLMANN,U,ELBRCHTER M,JOHN U,et al.A new non-toxic species in the dinoflagellate genus Azadinium:A.poporum sp.nov[J].European Journal of Phycology,2011,46(1):74-87.
[6] NZAN E,TILLMANN U,BILIEN G,et al.Taxonomic revision of the dinoflagellate Amphidoma caudata:transfer to the genus Azadinium (Dinophyceae) and proposal of two varieties,based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses[J].Journal of Phycology,2012,48:925-939.
[7] TILLMANN U,SOEHNER S,NZAN E,et al.First record of the genus Azadinium (Dinophyceae) from the Shetland Islands,including the description of Azadinium polongum sp.nov[J].Harmful Algae,2012,20:142-155.
[8] PERCOPO I,SIANO R,ROSSI R,et al.A new potentially toxic Azadinium species (Dinophyceae) from the Mediterranean Sea,A.dexteroporum sp.nov[J].Journal of Phycology,2013,49:950-966.
[9] LUO Z,GU H,KROCK B,et al.Azadinium dalianense,a new dinoflagellate species from the Yellow Sea,China[J].Phycologia,2013,52(6):625-636.
[10] DECELLE J,SIANO R,PROBER I,et al.Multiple microalgal partners in symbiosis with the acantharian Acanthochiasma sp.(Radiolaria)[J].Symbiosis,2012,58(1/3):233-244.
[11] POTVIN ,JEONG H J,KANG N S,et al.First report of the photosynthetic dinoflagellate genus Azadinium in the Pacific Ocean:Morphology and molecular characterization of Azadinium cf.poporum[J].Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology,2011,59:145-156.
[12] GU H,LUO Z,KROCK B,et al.Morphology,phylogeny and azaspiracid profile of Azadinium poporum (Dinophyceae) from the China Sea[J].Harmful Algae,2013,21/22:64-75.
[13] AKSELMAN R,NEGRI R M.Blooms of Azadinium cf.spinosum Elbrchter et Tillmann (Dinophyceae) in northern shelf waters of Argentina,Southwestern Atlantic[J].Harmful Algae,2012,19:30-38.
[14] HERNNDEZBECERRIL D U,BARNCAMPIS SA,ESCOBARMORALES S.A new record of Azadinium spinosum (Dinoflagellata) from the tropical Mexican Pacific[J].Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía,2012,47(3):553-557.
[15] GU H,KIRSCH M,ZINSSMEISTER C,et al.Waking the Dead:Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Extant Posoniella tricarinelloides (Thoracosphaeraceae,Dinophyceae)[J].Protist,2013,164(5):583-597.
[16] OFUJI K,SATAKE M,MCMAHON T,et al.Structures of azaspiracid analogs,azaspiracid4 and azaspiracid-5,causative toxins of azaspiracid poisoning in Europe[J].Bioscience,Biotechnology,and Biochemistry,2001,65(3):740-742.
[17] OFUJI K,SATAKE M,MCMAHON T,et al.Two analogs of azaspiracid isolated from mussels,Mytilus edulis,involved in human intoxication in Ireland[J].Natural Toxins,1999,7(3):99-102.
[18] JAMES K J,SIERRA M D,LEHANE M,et al.Detection of five new hydroxyl analogues of azaspiracids in shellfish using multiple tandem mass spectrometry[J].Toxicon,2003,41(3):277-283.
[19] REHMANN N,HESS P,QUILLIAM M A.Discovery of new analogs of the marine biotoxin azaspiracid in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2008,22(4):549-558.
[20] KROCK B,TILLMANN U,VOSS D,et al.New azaspiracids in Amphidomataceae (Dinophyceae)[J].Toxicon,2012,60(5):830-839.
[21] KROCK B,TILLMANN U,WITT M,et al.Azaspiracid variability of Azadinium poporum (Dinophyceae) from the China Sea[J].Harmful Algae,2014,in press.
[22] JAMES K J,FUREY A,LEHANE M,et al.First evidence of an extensive northern European distribution of azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) toxins in shellfish[J].Toxicon,2002,40(7):909-915.
[23] LVAREZ G,URIBE E,VALOS P,et al.First identification of azaspiracid and spirolides in Mesodesma donacium and Mulinia edulis from Northern Chile[J].Toxicon,2010,55(2/3):638-641.
[24] KLONTZ K C,ABRAHAM A,PLAKAS S M,et al.Mussel-associated azaspiracid intoxication in the United States[J].Annals of Internal Medicine,2009,150(5):361.
[25] MAGDALENA A B,LEHANE M,KRYS S,et al.The first identification of azaspiracids in shellfish from France and Spain[J].Toxicon,2003,42(1):105-108.
[26] TALEB H,VALE P,AMANHIR R,et al.First detection of azaspiracids in mussels in north west Africa[J].Journal of Shellfish Research,2006,25(3):1067-1070.
[27] UEOKA R,ITO A,IZUMIKAWA M,et al.Isolation of azaspiracid2 from a marine sponge Echinoclathria sp.as a potent cytotoxin[J].Toxicon,2009,53(6):680-684.
[28] 姚建華,譚志軍,周德慶,等.液相色譜-串聯質譜法檢測貝類產品中的原多甲藻酸貝類毒素[J].色譜,2010,28(4):363-367.
[29] JAUFFRAIS T,SCHET V,HERRENKNECHT C,et al.Effect of environmental and nutritional factors on growth and azaspiracid production of the dinoflagellate Azadinium spinosum[J].Harmful Algae,2013,27:138-148.
[30] ITO E,TERAO K,MCMAHON T,et al.Acute pathological changes in mice caused by crude extracts of novel toxins isolated from Irish mussels[C]//HARMFUL ALGAE,REGUERA B,BLANCO J,et al.Eds.Santiago de Compostela:Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO,1998:588-589.
[31] TWINER M J,REHMANN N,HESS P,et al.Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning:a review on the chemistry,ecology,and toxicology with an emphasis on human health impacts[J].Marine Drugs,2008,6(2):39-72.
[32] TOEBE K,JOSHI A R.Molecular discrimination of taxa within the dinoflagellate genus Azadinium,the source of azaspiracid toxins[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2013,35(1):225-230.