于冬梅,張鐵錚,周 錦,陳克研,曹惠鵑
膿毒癥是由感染所誘發的全身炎性反應,是引起危重癥患者急性腎損傷(Acute kidney injury,AKI)的最常見原因[1]。而合并AKI的膿毒癥患者的死亡率是單純膿毒癥患者的2倍,已經證實AKI是預后不良的獨立危險因素[2-5],因此,保護腎功能有助于降低膿毒癥患者的死亡率和改善預后。但是目前對于膿毒癥誘發的AKI的防治措施非常有限[6-7]。目前,關于膿毒癥性AKI的研究甚少。本研究擬將臨床相關濃度的右美托咪定用于內毒素血癥大鼠,觀察其對腎功能的影響。
1.1 材料與儀器 成年SD大鼠18只,體重250~300 g(沈陽軍區總醫院實驗動物中心提供)。LPS(Escherichia coli,055∶B5,Sigma公司),鹽酸右美托咪定注射液(Dexmedetomidine,江蘇恒瑞醫藥股份有限公司),TNF-α和IL-1β(南京建成公司),15 k低溫高速離心機(Sigma公司),酶標儀(Thermo Electron Corporation Multiskan MK3,芬蘭),日立全自動生化分析儀。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 實驗動物分組、處理及標本采集 成年SD大鼠18只,隨機分為3組:對照組(C組)、內毒素組(L組)和右美托咪定組(D組),每組6只。10%水合氯醛0.35 mL/100 g腹腔注射麻醉后,取仰臥位,固定四肢及頭部,24#套管針股靜脈。C組持續泵注等量的生理鹽水;L組靜脈注射LPS 5 mg/kg和泵注生理鹽水;D組15 min內靜脈注射LPS 5 mg/kg后,先給予負荷量的右美托咪定7 μg/kg,15 min后以5 μg/(kg·h)持續泵注,6 h后采血3 mL,3 000 r/min離心15 min,分離并吸取上層血清。
1.2.2 指標檢測 ELISA法檢測血清TNF-α、IL-1β(按照試劑盒說明書進行),建立標準曲線,根據標準曲線計算待測標本的TNF-α和IL-1β濃度(pg/mL);全自動生化分析儀檢測血清肌酐(Scr)和尿素氮(BUN);腎臟病理學檢測:右側腎臟經10%甲醛固定,酒精干燥,石蠟包埋,切片,HE染色,光學顯微鏡下觀察。

2.1 各組血清Scr、BUN、TNF-α和IL-1β含量比較 與C組比較,L組血清Scr、BUN、TNF-α和IL-1β含量均顯著升高(P<0.05);D組血清Scr、BUN、TNF-α和IL-1β含量雖明顯高于C組(P<0.05),但顯著低于L組(P<0.05),見表1。

表1 各組大鼠血清Scr、BUN、TNF-α和IL-1β含量變化(n=6)
2.2 各組腎組織形態學變化 L組腎小管水腫、變性,腎小球毛細血管擴張、充血,腎間質內血管擴張、充血水腫,炎細胞浸潤;D組損傷有所減輕(見圖1)。

圖1 腎臟病理組織學觀察結果(×200)
膿毒血癥引發的多器官系統功能障礙是重癥患者死亡的重要原因,其中腎臟是最容易受累及的器官之一,可導致AKI,其發生率約為20%~35%[8-9]。其病理生理過程復雜,與諸多因素有關,例如:由于交感神經系統激活、低血容量和神經內分泌變化等引起的腎血流動力學變化、內皮功能障礙、腎實質炎細胞浸潤、腎小球內血栓形成、壞死細胞管型或碎片阻塞腎小管及氧化應激損傷[10-12]。盡管經過臨床治療后可以逆轉AKI,但是仍然有可能發展為慢性腎衰或終末期腎衰。AKI不但嚴重影響膿毒血癥患者的預后,增加住院花費,還顯著增加患者死亡率[13-14]。由革蘭陰性菌引發的膿毒血癥占50%~60%,而內毒素與其發病機制密切相關,能導致各種炎性因子的釋放,包括IL-1、TNF-α、IL-2、IL-6和IL-8等[15]。其中TNF-α和IL-1β能引發自由基、NO和類花生酸類物質的釋放,從而引發一些病理生理改變。另外,TNF-α能刺激多種血管活性介質的生成,誘發腎組織細胞凋亡、降低腎小球血流和腎小球濾過率[16]。基于此,TNF-α和IL-1β被認為是膿毒血癥病情發展的重要介質。
右美托咪定是一種高選擇性α2腎上腺素能受體激動劑,具有鎮靜、鎮痛、抗交感和維持血流動力學穩定的特點。實際上α2腎上腺素能受體廣泛分布于腎組織內,包括近端腎小管、遠端腎小管和小管周圍的血管壁[17]。膿毒性休克時血管張力降低,對血管活性藥的反應性差,右美托咪定能恢復膿毒性休克大鼠對去甲腎上腺素的反應性[18]。右美托咪定還能抑制促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和IL-8的生成,改善預后和降低死亡率[19-25]。本研究結果也表明,右美托咪定能顯著降低血清TNF-α和IL-1β含量。
右美托咪定通過抑制去甲腎上腺素的釋放,調節交感神經張力和腎血管阻力,抑制血管加壓素分泌,改善腎血流,增加腎小球濾過率,產生利尿作用,從而保護了腎組織細胞和腎功能[26-28]。在本研究中,D組血清Scr和BUN含量均顯著低于L組;腎臟病理組織觀察結果顯示,D組腎損傷明顯減輕。說明臨床相關濃度的右美托咪定對膿毒癥誘發的AKI具有一定的防治作用。
綜上所述,臨床相關濃度的右美托咪定對于膿毒癥誘發的AKI具有一定的防治作用,這一結果為膿毒癥患者的麻醉和鎮靜提供了新的依據,但具體機制有待進一步研究。
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