高三英語閱讀理解主旨大意題訓練教學設計

施薇

（江蘇教育學院附屬高級中學，江蘇 南京 210036）

高三英語閱讀理解主旨大意題訓練教學設計

施薇

（江蘇教育學院附屬高級中學，江蘇 南京 210036）

為了檢驗學生對語篇的理解和語言綜合運用能力，閱讀理解中的主旨大意題在高考英語試卷中占據(jù)了相當大的比例。通過閱讀理解課前的教材分析、學生分析，確立了教學重難點。在教學過程中引入了“設計說明”環(huán)節(jié)，對教學方法的實用性進行了探討，并在后記中對教學的得與失進行了總結(jié)和反思。

閱讀理解；主旨大意；教學設計；高三英語；課前分析

一、教學分析

1.教材分析。根據(jù)《新課標》要求，英語學習的過程應該是學生在教師的指導下構(gòu)建知識、發(fā)展技能、活躍思維、展現(xiàn)個性和拓展視野的過程，因此高考命題也是圍繞著考查學生語言綜合運用的能力而設計的。整體分析試卷可以發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀理解占據(jù)了相當大的比重，它旨在檢驗學生的語篇理解和語言運用能力?？忌€應具備扎實的語言基本功、較好的語感、較強的邏輯推理能力和跨文化交際能力。由于閱讀理解的考查形式多樣，題材廣泛，考生需要在有限的時間內(nèi)快速高效地完成相應任務，所以如何降低難度是在高三復習階段中重要的一個環(huán)節(jié)。

2.學生分析。高中階段的學生在閱讀方面已經(jīng)積累了一定的輸入量，能夠運用基本的技巧來解決較熟悉或難度系數(shù)一般的文章。然而由于高考在篇章選擇上范圍很廣，有英語文學作品、科普文章、公告、說明、廣告以及書、報、雜志等，而且對于學生綜合能力的考查也較全面。如要求學生能理解語篇主旨大意；理解文中具體信息；根據(jù)上下文提供的線索推斷生詞的詞義；根據(jù)文中事實和線索做出簡單的判斷和理解；理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和文脈邏輯關(guān)系；理解作者的觀點、意圖和態(tài)度；根據(jù)所讀，用恰當?shù)脑~語補全文章提綱、關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容或作要詞詞語轉(zhuǎn)換。這樣就需要學生平時重視語言基礎知識的積累和應用，課外能廣泛閱讀各種題材的英語文章以儲備豐富的文化背景知識，并會靈活運用合適的技巧來應對閱讀理解的各種考題。而把握文章主旨大意是解決其他題目的關(guān)鍵，所以指導學生培養(yǎng)這方面的技巧是至關(guān)重要的。

3.教學目標。①知識目標：通過本課的學習和訓練，學生能夠了解閱讀理解主旨大意題的題型特點和解題思路。②能力目標：在教師的指導下學生能順利掌握基本的解題策略并能提高答題準確率。③情感、價值觀目標：通過本課的學習和訓練，學生能緩解解題壓力并積累更多的解題經(jīng)驗。

4.教學重點。幫助學生掌握閱讀理解主旨大意題的解題技巧和策略。

5.教學難點。引導學生迅速抓住文章的關(guān)鍵詞、句并推導出相關(guān)的主旨大意。

6.教學方式。以練習為主，概括為輔；練中講，講中悟的方法。

7.教學用具。黑板、多媒體。

二、教學過程

Step One：Lead-in

Which of the following would be the best title for the text？（B）

A. A Childhood Dream B. A Mother’s Love

C. A Graduation Party D. A Special Birthday

Facts：my 12th birthday（got the gardenia），（father died）my graduation，dancefelt loved（like the gardenia），mother’s death

【設計說明】本次導入是對家庭作業(yè)的檢查，引導學生通過解剖文章的事實，理清發(fā)展脈絡并最終得出線索，由此引出本課的教學點，即如何抓主旨大意。

Step Two：Classifications and question forms

1.Introduce three types：標題（Title）；中心大意（Main Idea）；寫作目的（Purpose）

2.Introduce the ways of putting forward the questions：

（1）What does the writer mainly tell us？

（2）Which of the following can summarize the main idea of this passage？

（3）Which of the following best expresses the main idea？

（4）Which is the subject discussed in the text？

（5）The best headline for this newspaper article is ___.

（6）What’s the best title for this passage？

（7）The main purpose of the passage is_____

【設計說明】鼓勵學生通過三種分類和七種常見提問方式掌握辨別主旨大意題的方法以便能用合理的技巧去解決問題。

Step Three：Practice

Task 1：Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal.Such a person is not really a thief. They are sick and cannot help themselves. All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions.People with kleptomania for certain medical rea-

sons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them. With medical help they may become normal citizens again. They things that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value.

They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them.

Q：What is the topic of the text？（B）

A.Young Thieves. B.An Unusual Illness.

C.Reasons for Stealing D.A Normal Child’s Actions

【設計說明】本篇文章的主題句出現(xiàn)在開頭，幫助學生能看懂這種總—分—分（演繹法）模式的文章，并提醒學生新聞報道、說明文、議論文常用此方式，即開門見山。

Task 2：On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skater. He rolled on and on. Suddenly he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down fell the mirror，breaking to pieces.Nobody forgot Merlin’s grand entrance for a long time！

Q：What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the paragraph？（C）

A.The roller skates needed further improvement.

B.The party guests took Merlin for a fool！

C.Merlin succeeded beyond expectation.

D.Merlin got himself into trouble.

解題技巧：文章或段落的主題句常常會出現(xiàn)在一些標志性的提示后，如：on the whole，as a result，in short，therefore，thus…I agree with the opinion that…；Given all these points above，I would support the idea that…；For all the reasons mentioned above，I would prefer…

【設計說明】本篇文章主題句出現(xiàn)在結(jié)尾。幫助學生能看懂這種分—分—總（歸納法）模式的文章，即先擺事實，后作結(jié)論。鼓勵學生嘗試在閱讀時尋找結(jié)尾的提示性用法以降低主旨大意的解題難度。

Task 3：In the 1930s，a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called“Lexico”. However，he was not completely satisfied with the game，so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from“Lexico”to“Alph”and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial（商業(yè)性的）success.

Q：The text is mainly about________.（C）

A.Lexico B.Three men

C.A word game D.Alfred Butts.

【設計說明】本篇文章無主題句，主旨大意要從整體文章中概括，此時要特別留意文章的事實和線索。鼓勵學生回顧本節(jié)課開始的作業(yè)講解來理解這種模式的文章，其實在高考中是較常見并且難度是最大的。

Step Four：A brief summary of skills

干擾項：屬文中某個具體事實或細節(jié)；屬文中不完全的事實或細節(jié)片面推出的錯誤結(jié)論；屬非文章事實的主觀臆斷。

正確答案：根據(jù)文章意思全面理解而歸納概括出來的；不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過其實或以偏概全。

【設計說明】在學生比較熟悉的解題技巧的基礎上鼓勵他們自己歸納出做主旨大意題所需要注意的技巧，特別是突破干擾項的影響而準確地選出正確答案，并在教師的指導下運用這種技巧解決下一步驟的兩篇高考真題。這樣學生答題的正確率會有較大的提高。

Step Five：More practice

Passage 1：

Handshaking，though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met，they showed their unarmed （無武器的）hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly，people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other.“Let’s shake （hands）on it”sometimes means agreement reached.

Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet？No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party，especially when it is a woman，shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her. Even if，for politeness，he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand，just touch it slightly- There is generally a misunderstanding（誤解）among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward，while the Chinese are rather reserved（保守的）in manner. But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.（2005年安徽卷）

64.The first paragraph mainly tells us ______.

A. where handshaking was first practiced

B. how handshaking came about

C. about the relationship between handshaking and trade

D. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China

67.The main purpose of the text is ______.

A. to tell us some differences between the East and the West

B. to offer us some important facts about handshaking

C. to introduce us to some different customs in the West

D. to give us some advice before we travel abroad

Passage 2：

1.Welcome to Banff，Canada’s first，most famous and arguably most fascinating national park. If you’ve come to ski or snowboard，we’ll see you on the slopes. Skiing is a locals’favorite too.

2.While you’re here，try other recreational activities available in our mountains.Popular choices include a Banff Gondola ride up Sulphur Mountain，bathe in the natural mineral watersattheUpper Hot Spring，horse-drawn sleigh ride，drive-your-own-team dog sled excursion，and snowmobile tour to the highland （but not in the national park）.

3. We also recommend you make time to enjoy simple pleasure. After looking around Banff Ave shops，walk a couple of blocks west or south to the scenic Bow River.

4.Try ice skating on frozen Lake Louise where Ice Magic International Ice Sculpture Competition works are displayed after Jan 25. You can rent skates in Banff or at the sport shop in the Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise hotel.

5.Banff’s backcountry paths access a wilderness world of silence and matchless beauty—cross country skis and snowshoes provide the means.Banff sport shops rent equipment and clothes，or join an organized tour. Although we’ve been many times，we still find the cliffs and icefalls of our frozen canyons worth visiting.

6. Wildlife watching also creates satisfying memories. We have seen hundreds of the elk and bighorn sheep that attract visitors，yet they still arouse a sense of wonder. And the rare spotting of a cougar，wolf or woodland caribou takes our breath away.

7. See if simple pleasures work for you. Fight in the snow with your kids，walk beside a stream or climb to a high place and admire the view.

—Banff Resort Guide Editors（2009年上海高考）

71. The purpose of the writing is to ______.

A.promote scenic spots in Canada

B.advertise for the sports in Banff

C.introduce tourist activities in Banff

D.describe breathtaking views in Banff

【設計說明】該活動旨在鼓勵學生在教師的引導下運用已學的解題策略按照尋找關(guān)鍵詞、句的步驟進行實踐練習，同時也檢測了學生是否掌握了相關(guān)的解題策略。

tep Six：Homework

鹽城市第二次調(diào)研考試閱讀理解A、B（特別關(guān)注56、61、62）

【設計說明】由于課堂時間有限，課后進一步的練習是必不可少的，這樣可以更好地鞏固本節(jié)課的效率。特別關(guān)注的三題是本節(jié)課的重點，提醒學生爭取最高正確率。

三、教學后記

本節(jié)課是高考二輪復習中的一節(jié)閱讀理解指導課，重點是解決學生在做題時把握不住主旨大意以致對篇章的理解出現(xiàn)很大偏差這種問題。教師在指導過程中先從三個段落出發(fā)，引導學生在小段中迅速找尋關(guān)鍵詞和句并順利把握其主旨。這樣的分解練習可以降低難度，讓學生較容易地完成任務并體驗到成功的快樂，愿意繼續(xù)完成下面的任務。在最后階段高考真題的訓練時，學生已經(jīng)基本能自覺運用所學的技巧來完成相關(guān)題目，尤其是最后一篇上海市高考文章，絕大部分學生在3分鐘內(nèi)就得出了正確答案。應該說本節(jié)課基本完成了預設目標并且效果也不錯。本節(jié)課也存在以下不足：首先，對解題技巧的歸納應該先給學生一些提示或引導，這樣既可以提升學生的主動性和積極性，又可以節(jié)約部分時間；其次學生對于高考真題的篇章設置的難度感覺跟教師預想的不一樣，如果把上海卷的題目移至安徽卷前，學生可能更容易接受。在今后這樣的做法也可以應用到閱讀理解等其他題型中，以努力減輕學生負擔，提高學習效率，更好地應對高考閱讀。

[1]中華人民共和國教育部.義務教育英語課程標準（2011年版）[M].北京：北京師范大學出版社，2012.

[2]何克抗.建構(gòu)主義的教學模式、教學方法與教學設計[J].北京師范大學學報（社會科學版），1997，（5）.

[3]龔少英，劉華山.中學生閱讀理解元認知的發(fā)展研究[J].心理科學，2003，（6）.

G632.0

A

1674-9324（2014）13-0169-03

南京市教育科學第八期個人課題（Ae4805）。