翦立新,吳曉婭,譚雨齊,陳子芳,尹 霞
(湖南大學 化學傳感與計量學國家重點實驗室, 湖南 長沙 410082)

為準確描述電解質溶液的熱力學性質,Clegg和Pitzer等人[3]提出了一個用于計算任意多元電解質溶液由稀到濃的熱力學性質的模型(簡稱PSC模型),該模型關于體系中各物種活度系數的計算公式較為復雜,基本形式如下:

A=a+bT,(A=Bca,WW,ca,UW,ca,VW,ca,Wijk,
QW,ijk,Uijk)
在計算三元體系及多元體系相圖之前,需要知道體系中各固相的平衡常數.對任何給定的鹽Mv+Xv-·nH2O,其溶解平衡可表示為:
Mv+Xv-·nH2O=v+M++v-X-+nH2O
達到平衡時,平衡常數K的表達式為:
lnK=v+lnaM++v-lnaX-+nlnaH2O
aM+,aX-和aH2O分別為M+,X-和水的活度.利用二元模型參數和二元體系的溶解度數據可計算出不同溫度下的平衡常數K,并將其與溫度關聯成以下形式:
lnK=A+B/T+CT+DlnT
結合所獲得的二元及三元模型參數以及不同溫度下的平衡常數K,就可以計算三元和四元體系的溶解度.本文在模型計算中所用的程序均為作者用C語言自行編寫.
KCl-H2O體系的PSC模型參數采用Holmes等人[4]所提供的298.15 K和423.15 K時的滲透系數,KNO3-H2O體系的模型參數擬合于Zeng等人[5]及Barry[6]所給的298.15 K和425.5 K的水活度數據.對于MgCl2-H2O體系,本文用Rard等人[7]提供的298.15 K的水活度和Fangh?nel等人[8]所給的373.45 K的水活度擬合二元參數,Mg(NO3)2-H2O體系的二元參數擬合于298.15 K[9]和333.15 K[10]的水活度數據,NaCl-H2O體系的二元參數擬合于文獻[11]所提供的298.15 K和348.15 K的水活度,NaNO3-H2O體系的二元參數采用Pearce等人[12]提供的298.15 K的水活度和Bobmann等人[13]提供的424.96 K的數據.所有二元參數與溫度的關系式列于表1.


表1 二元PSC模型參數

表2 四元體系中固相的ln K與溫度T (K)的關系

100 w

100 w
根據本組前期研究[2]可知,僅用PSC模型的二元參數難以準確計算三元體系的相圖.為獲得三元鹽水體系的準確信息,用相關體系的溶解度數據分別擬合三元相互作用參數,所用實驗數據來源及參數與溫度的關系式見表3.結合表1~3中的二元及三元模型參數分別計算KCl-MgCl2-H2O,KNO3-Mg(NO3)2-H2O,KCl-KNO3-H2O,MgCl2-Mg(NO3)2-H2O,KNO3-NaNO3-H2O,MgCl2-NaCl-H2O,Mg(NO3)2-NaNO3-H2O,KCl-NaCl-H2O和NaCl-NaNO3-H2O體系的相圖,并與實驗值對比,結果見圖2~10.
對于KCl-KNO3-H2O體系,預測了溫度范圍在273.15 K~364.15 K的共飽和線(圖4(a)中的點劃線),并與文獻值[17](圖4(a)中的符號)進行比較,發現二者完全吻合.同時計算了不同溫度下共飽和點組成所對應的飽和溶液的水活度,并按式(4)換算成飽和蒸汽壓,與實驗值[17]進行對比(見圖4(b)),結果發現計算值與實驗值基本一致.
aw(T)=p(T)/p*(T)
式中p(T)和p*(T)分別為溫度T時鹽溶液和純水的飽和蒸汽壓.
另外將預測的KNO3-NaNO3-H2O和NaCl-NaNO3-H2O體系在363.15 K時飽和溶液的水活度與實驗值[18]對比,結果分別見圖6(b)和圖10(b)),預測值與實驗值基本吻合,且誤差在實驗值所給誤差范圍內.

圖3 KNO3-Mg(NO3)2-H2O體系溶解度計算值與實驗值[14]比較


圖4 KCl-KNO3-H2O體系熱力學計算值與實驗值[14, 17, 18]比較

圖5 MgCl2-Mg(NO3)2-H2O體系溶解度的計算值與實驗值[16]比較




圖6 KNO3-NaNO3-H2O體系熱力學計算值與實驗值[14, 19]比較

圖7 MgCl2-NaCl-H2O體系溶解度的計算值與實驗值[14]比較

圖8 Mg(NO3)2-NaNO3-H2O體系溶解度的計算值與實驗值[16]比較

圖9 KCl-NaCl-H2O體系溶解度的計算值與實驗值[14]比較




NaNO3 mole fraction (free water)

表3 三元PSC模型參數

J(Mg2+)

圖12 K+,Na+∥體系干鹽圖的預測值與實驗值[22]比較

圖13 Mg2+,Na+∥體系干鹽圖的預測值與實驗值[16]比較

圖14 298.15 K時K+,Mg2+,Na+∥體系干鹽圖的預測值與實驗值[25]比較

表4 K+,Na+∥體系的飽和蒸汽壓預測值與實驗值[23]比較
所用的二元模型參數擬合于水活度或滲透系數實驗值,三元模型參數通過擬合三元體系的溶解度實驗數據得到.
計算結果充分說明應用PSC模型,借助有限的二元及三元鹽水體系的實驗數據,可較為準確地預測復雜鹽水體系的熱力學性質,為工程應用提供可靠的理論指導.
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