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舌鱗狀細胞癌浸潤模式與淋巴結轉移的關聯探討

2014-09-26 04:06:16達林泰長齡鄂麗華等
現代儀器與醫療 2014年5期

達林泰 長齡 鄂麗華等

[摘 要] 目的:通過解析組織學分化度浸潤模式(Mode of invasion, Y-K分類)與臨床病理學參數之間關聯,探索舌鱗狀細胞癌最重要的淋巴結轉移相關因子。方法:選擇舌鱗狀細胞癌75例手術切除標本進行Hematoxylin-Eosin (H-E)染色,解析其分化度(WHO分類)和浸潤模式與其它臨床病例參數之間的關系。結果:分化度與性別(P<0.039)和腫瘤浸潤模式相關(P<0.012),而與年齡、臨床分期和淋巴結轉移無相關。腫瘤浸潤模式與分化度(P<0.025)和淋巴結轉移(P<0.011)相關,與性別、年齡、臨床分期無相關。在68例臨床分期Ⅰ和Ⅱ期病例中,淋巴結轉移與腫瘤浸潤模式有顯著性差異(P<0.018),與其它臨床病理因子無相關。結論:本研究提示對于舌鱗狀細胞癌個例,浸潤模式具有預測淋巴結轉移的潛在可能,即從術前病理的浸潤模式來判斷腫瘤的惡性程度。

[關鍵詞] 浸潤模式(Y-K分類);舌鱗狀細胞癌;淋巴結轉移

中圖分類號:R749.86 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:2095-5200(2014)05-033-05

[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the most important metastatic and prognostic factor in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue by means of analyzing the relationship between histologic grading of mode of invasion and other clinicopathological parameters. Methods: A total of 75 cases with SCCs of the tongue were studied by histological method with Hematoxylin-Eosin (H-E) stained. Relationship between differentiation (WHO grading) and mode of invasion (Y-K grading) with other clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. Results: Differentiation has correlation with gender and mode of invasion, but it has no correlation with age, clinical stage and lymph node metastasis. The mode of invasion was associated with lymph node metastasis (P<0.011) and differentiation (P<0.025), but it was not correlated with gender, age and clinical stage. Among 68 cases with SCC of the tongue in stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ, there were significant difference (P<0.018) between mode of invasion and lymph node metastasis and but it was not associated with other parameters. Conclusion: This study indicates that the mode of invasion is a useful factor in predicting cervical lymph node metastasis and prognosis in SCC of the tongue. The application of diagnosis by the mode of invasion before surgery in the treatment of tongue SCC.

[Key words] Mode of invasion (Y-K grad);Tongue squamous cell carcinoma;Lymph node metastasis

舌鱗狀細胞癌是口腔頜面部常見惡性腫瘤,淋巴結轉移率較高,約20%~50%[1-3],淋巴結轉移是最重要的預后影響因子[4]。近年來分子生物學領域的口腔癌基礎研究已獲得了顯著成績,但由于癌癥的發生發展過程非常復雜,目前病理組織學仍是所有臨床診斷與實驗研究的基礎。若根據口腔癌患者初診時組織病理學表現,客觀地判斷其組織學惡性度,預測腫瘤的生物學特性以及預后,將對口腔癌個體化診斷與治療具有重大意義。口腔癌的組織學惡性度的經典評價方法有Jakobsson分類、Willen分類、Annerroth分類和浸潤模式(mode of invasion,Y-K分類)等。浸潤模式是采取Jakobsson分類所屬浸潤模式精髓,在臨床實踐中改進而形成的一種實用性較強的組織學惡性度評價法,它以腫瘤浸潤前沿(invasive front)形態為焦點,根據腫瘤浸潤前沿癌細胞的浸潤形態來評價組織學惡性度。近來逐漸證實浸潤模式與口腔癌淋巴結轉移與預后有密切相關。本研究以75例舌鱗狀細胞癌病例為研究對象,解析浸潤模式與其它臨床病理參數之間的關聯,探索舌鱗狀細胞癌淋巴結轉移最重要的關聯因子。

1 材料和方法

1.1 臨床資料

收集2001年4月至2006年10月于日本東京醫科齒科大學腭口腔外科住院手術治療的舌鱗狀細胞癌患者75例,年齡范圍23~84歲(平均59歲)。全病例均屬首次手術治療,無術前放射線治療和化學藥物治療史。患者臨床資料如表1所示。患者術后隨訪時間中間值為6.9年,(0.6-10.3年)。本實驗遵照日本東京醫科齒科大學科研倫理委員會的相關規定,并獲得了研究許可。endprint

1.2 研究方法

取舌癌手術切除標本,多聚甲醛固定石蠟包埋,在最大腫瘤切斷面,4mm切片,Hematoxylin-Eosin (H-E)染色,進行舌癌浸潤模式(Y-K分類)診斷,分析其與患者性別、年齡、臨床分期、分化度(WHO分類)以及淋巴結轉移等臨床病理學參數之間的關系。

1.3 統計學處理

本實驗數據應用SPSS13.0統計軟件進行卡方檢驗分析,P<0.05認為差異有統計學意義。

2 結果

2.1 舌鱗狀細胞癌組織病理學分析結果

全舌癌病例應用“(WHO)International histological classification of tumours, No4, histological typing of oral and oropharyngeal tumours, Geneva, 1971”的診斷標準進行病理學分化度診斷,其結果如表1所示:75例舌鱗狀細胞癌中高分化31(42%)例,中分化37(49%)例,低分化7(9%)例。

應用“Histological grading of mode of invasion (Yamamoto & Kohama 1983) ”(圖1)進行腫瘤浸潤模式(Y-K分類)診斷,結果如表1所示,在 75例舌鱗狀細胞癌中浸潤模式1型3(4%)例、2型17(23%)例、3型34(45%)例、4C型20(27%)例,4D型1(1%)例(圖2)。

2.2 WHO分化度、腫瘤浸潤模式(Y-K分類)與臨床病理學參數之間的關聯

WHO分化度與性別(P<0.039)和腫瘤浸潤模式有相關關系(P<0.012),而與年齡、臨床分期和淋巴結轉移無相關(表2)。腫瘤浸潤模式(Y-K分類)與WHO分化度(P<0.025)和淋巴結轉移(P<0.011)有相關關系,與性別、年齡、臨床分期等均無相關(表3)。

為了探討早期舌癌的潛在淋巴結轉移情況,在臨床病期Ⅰ與Ⅱ期的68例進行分析,淋巴結轉移與腫瘤浸潤模式(Y-K分類)有顯著性差異(P<0.018),與其它臨床病理因子無相關(表4)。

3 討論

隨著口腔癌臨床研究進展,口腔鱗狀細胞癌經歷了幾種具有代表性的組織學惡性度評價法。最初為1920年Broders根據分化與未分化的細胞比例,將其分4個階段[5],但此方法只限于分化度來評價口腔癌的預后,受限性較大[6-7]。之后為1973年的Jakopsson分類[8],該分類把組織學惡性度與宿主之間的關系作為焦點,從宿主關聯項目:浸潤模式、浸潤程度、脈管浸潤、炎性細胞浸潤和分化度相關項目:結構、角化程度、核多形性、分化度8個項目來評價組織學惡性度,每個項目均有各自的數字化標準。之后為1975年Willen分類法[9],考慮臨床的實用價值,該方法消去Jakopsson分類的脈管內浸潤和結構兩項目而形成。由于上述數種方法的惡性度評價基準比較抽象,再加對于同一個例而言病理醫師的主觀性評價導致判斷結果不統一等缺點,導致上述方法均沒有獲得與臨床病理學參數之間的相關性。1987年Anneroth對Jakopsson分類進行改良,形成Anneroth分類[10],從而獲得了Anneroth分類與腫瘤的病期、復發以及生存率之間的相關關系[10、11]。Anneroth分類包括細胞異型:角化程度、核多形性、核分裂像;結構異型:浸潤形態、浸潤程度、炎性細胞浸潤6個項目;把各項目數字化后,總合點來評價口腔鱗狀細胞癌的惡性度。但該方法的臨床應用比較煩瑣,不適合實際應用。

1983年日本學者Yamamoto和Kohama把癌浸潤前沿(borderline)的浸潤模式因子作為焦點,從Jakopsson分類[8]中采取了精髓,形成浸潤模式(Y-K分類, Mode of invasion)。該分類把最弱的癌浸潤像為浸潤模式1型(YK-1);最強的浸潤像作為4型(YK-4),并且把4型分成條索樣浸潤的4C型和彌漫狀浸潤的4D型。如圖1所示,浸潤模式分類的鑒別要點,1型:腫瘤浸潤前沿(borderline)界限明確; 2型(YK-2):腫瘤浸潤前沿輕度雜亂;3型(YK-3):腫瘤浸潤前沿界限不明確,呈現大小不同的腫瘤細胞團塊;4C型:又稱條索狀浸潤型,腫瘤前緣界限不明確,腫瘤細胞呈條索狀浸潤;4D型:又稱彌散狀浸潤型,腫瘤前緣界限不明確,腫瘤細胞呈彌散狀浸潤。口腔癌的浸潤模式相當于消化道癌(食道癌、胃癌、大腸癌)的浸潤增殖模式(INF: NFa, INFb, INFc),YK-1是口腔癌特有的高分化鱗狀細胞癌分型,YK-2相當于NFa,YK-3相當于INFb,YK-4相當于INFc。Yamamoto等最初報道,在口腔癌多個臨床參數與浸潤模式有相關,預后、淋巴結轉移、局部復發等發生于浸潤模式4型病例遠多于1、2和3型[12]。在舌癌方面,以往也有報道浸潤模式與個別臨床病理參數之間有相關[13]。

近年來有很多口腔癌浸潤模式與分子生物學領域的癌浸潤、轉移、預后的相關報道,在口腔鱗狀細胞癌中細胞粘接因子β-catenin和E-cadherin表達與其浸潤模式呈負相關關系[19],腫瘤抑制因子Maspin(Mammary Serine Protease Inhibitor)表達與預后呈正相關關系[20-21],與浸潤程度呈負相關關系[22]。作者也曾經發表過浸潤模式與Cellular inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP-1)呈正相關關系[23]。

在口腔癌腫瘤間質的纖維含量緊密關聯于浸潤模式,在1型至4C型隨其癌細胞浸潤能力的增強,間質結締組織被破壞強于增生;但是在4D型,其具有獨特的浸潤形態,強烈誘導結締組織形成的同時有彌漫浸潤能力[24]。

體外實驗中觀察口腔鱗狀細胞癌細胞運動能力,在血清培養的條件下,浸潤模式4D型癌細胞HOC313的運動面積最大,其次為4C型的OSC19,最小運動面積為浸潤模式3型的OSC20[25-26]。在口腔癌化療過程中,隨其治療的生效,浸潤模式有降級表現(4D→4C型→3型→2型→1型)[27-28]。endprint

關于浸潤模式(Y-K分類)與淋巴結轉移率以及預后的關系,Yamamoto等進行了一系列研究,其結果顯示浸潤模式1、2型的初次轉移率為5%左右,而3型為26.7%,4C型為 61.1%,4D型為75%;在回顧性研究中,后期轉移率4C型為 45.5%,4D型為100%[16-18]。本研究結果證實,浸潤模式4型和3型的淋巴結轉移率明顯高于2型和1型,具有統計學意義。另一方,分化度與淋巴結轉移和臨床分期無相關。

本研究提示浸潤模式對預測舌鱗狀細胞癌淋巴結轉移具有指導意義,可對口腔癌的個體化治療,尤其對術后治療提供信息。浸潤模式應用的疑問點在于其中間型和移行型的正確判斷問題,3型與4型的病例中存在著預后好與差的病例,其原因在于形態相同的腫瘤細胞可能有不同生物學行為。目前很多轉化研究嘗試確立癌浸潤、轉移、預后的分子生物標記物。作者認為對于浸潤模式分類有疑問的病例,主觀判斷聯合應用這些分子生物學標記物,能夠更好判斷癌的浸潤、轉移暨預后。

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[14] Hiratsuka H, Miyakawa A, Nakamori K, et al. Multivariate analysis of occult lymph node metastasis as a prognostic indicatorfor patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral Cavity[J].Cancer,1997,80:351-356.

[15] Kurokawa H, Yamashita Y, Takeda S, et al. Risk factors for late cervical lymph node metastases in patients with stage I or II carcinoma of the tongue[J]. Head Neck,2002,24:731-736.

[16] Yamamoto E, Miyakawa A., et al. Mode of invasion and metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral carvity[J].Head Neck Surg,1984,6:938-947.

[17] Yamamoto E, Miyakawa A., et al. 口腔粘膜癌切除後の後発転移に関する検討[J].癌の臨床,1989,35:815-824.

[18] Yamamoto E , Kawashiri S, Kato K, et al.Biological characteristics of the most invasive squamous cell carcinoma (Grade 4D) of the oral carvity[J].Journal of Japan Society for Oral Tumors,2009,21(3):131-169.

[19] Kitahara H, Kawashiri S., et al. Immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin correlates with the invasion, metastasis and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma[J].Oral Surg,2008,(1):28-34.

[20] Iezzi G, Plattelli A.,et al. Maspin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma[J]. J Craniofac Surg,2007,18: 1039-1043.

[21] Marioni G, Gaio E., et al. MASPIN subcellular localization and expression in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol[J].2008,265:97-104.

[22] Yoshizawa K, Nozaki S., et al. Loss of maspin is a negative prognostic factor for invasive and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma[J]. J Oral Pathol Med, 2009,38:535-539.

[23] S. Qi, S. Mogi, H. Tsuda, et al. Expression of cIAP-1 Correlates with Nodal Metastasisin Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2008,37: 1047-1053.

[24] Kawashiri S, Tanaka A., et al. Significance of stromal desmoplasia and myofibroblast appearance at the invasive front in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity[J].Head Neck.2009,31(10):1346-1353.

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[26] 原田博紀,熊本茂宏.ヒト扁平上皮癌細胞の浸潤様式に関與する運動促進因子の解析[J].口腔組織培養學會雑誌,1997,6:17-28.

[27] Kawashiri S, Kojima k, et al., Effect of chemotherapy on invasive and metastasis of oral cavity cancer in mice[J].Head Neck,2001,23:764-771.

[28] Oguchi N, Kawashiri S, et al., Effect of fibroblast growth inhibitor on proliferation and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Oral Onclo,2003, 39:240-247.endprint

[13] Yamamoto E, Sunakawa H, Kohama G. Clinical course of diffuse invasive carcinoma of the tongue excised after Bleomycin treatment[J].J Maxillofac Surg,1983,11:269-274.

[14] Hiratsuka H, Miyakawa A, Nakamori K, et al. Multivariate analysis of occult lymph node metastasis as a prognostic indicatorfor patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral Cavity[J].Cancer,1997,80:351-356.

[15] Kurokawa H, Yamashita Y, Takeda S, et al. Risk factors for late cervical lymph node metastases in patients with stage I or II carcinoma of the tongue[J]. Head Neck,2002,24:731-736.

[16] Yamamoto E, Miyakawa A., et al. Mode of invasion and metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral carvity[J].Head Neck Surg,1984,6:938-947.

[17] Yamamoto E, Miyakawa A., et al. 口腔粘膜癌切除後の後発転移に関する検討[J].癌の臨床,1989,35:815-824.

[18] Yamamoto E , Kawashiri S, Kato K, et al.Biological characteristics of the most invasive squamous cell carcinoma (Grade 4D) of the oral carvity[J].Journal of Japan Society for Oral Tumors,2009,21(3):131-169.

[19] Kitahara H, Kawashiri S., et al. Immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin correlates with the invasion, metastasis and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma[J].Oral Surg,2008,(1):28-34.

[20] Iezzi G, Plattelli A.,et al. Maspin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma[J]. J Craniofac Surg,2007,18: 1039-1043.

[21] Marioni G, Gaio E., et al. MASPIN subcellular localization and expression in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol[J].2008,265:97-104.

[22] Yoshizawa K, Nozaki S., et al. Loss of maspin is a negative prognostic factor for invasive and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma[J]. J Oral Pathol Med, 2009,38:535-539.

[23] S. Qi, S. Mogi, H. Tsuda, et al. Expression of cIAP-1 Correlates with Nodal Metastasisin Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2008,37: 1047-1053.

[24] Kawashiri S, Tanaka A., et al. Significance of stromal desmoplasia and myofibroblast appearance at the invasive front in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity[J].Head Neck.2009,31(10):1346-1353.

[25] 宮田就弘,口腔扁平上皮癌における自己分泌型運動促進因子発現に関する研究第1報:各細胞株の運動能及び浸潤の検討[J].金大十全醫學誌,2002,111:106-113.

[26] 原田博紀,熊本茂宏.ヒト扁平上皮癌細胞の浸潤様式に関與する運動促進因子の解析[J].口腔組織培養學會雑誌,1997,6:17-28.

[27] Kawashiri S, Kojima k, et al., Effect of chemotherapy on invasive and metastasis of oral cavity cancer in mice[J].Head Neck,2001,23:764-771.

[28] Oguchi N, Kawashiri S, et al., Effect of fibroblast growth inhibitor on proliferation and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Oral Onclo,2003, 39:240-247.endprint

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