如何解讀英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中的“駁論文”

薛曉星

議論文可分為兩大類(lèi)，立論文和駁論文。立論文，就是作者提出一個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)，然后用例子、數(shù)據(jù)等來(lái)論證這一觀(guān)點(diǎn)的正確性，這類(lèi)文章主旨一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開(kāi)始。所謂駁論文就是指作者先提出一個(gè)前人的或他人的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，或者大家目前普遍認(rèn)同的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，然后再用例子、數(shù)據(jù)、后來(lái)某人或某些人的觀(guān)點(diǎn)等對(duì)這個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反駁，在反駁的過(guò)程中闡述自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。這兩類(lèi)議論文在高考閱讀理解中都經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，其中，駁論文學(xué)生更難把握。筆者以具體的閱讀文段為例，分析駁論文中主旨大意題、詞義猜測(cè)題和寫(xiě)作意圖題的解答技巧。

一、如何解答駁論文中的主旨大意題

主旨大意題是高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中常考的題型之一，在一般的立論文中作者往往在文章開(kāi)頭就直接提出自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。學(xué)生如果在閱讀駁論文時(shí)受這種思維定勢(shì)的影響把作者在文章開(kāi)頭提出的觀(guān)點(diǎn)當(dāng)作是整篇文章的主旨，那么他將無(wú)法選出正確的選項(xiàng)。

應(yīng)對(duì)的方法是，我們?cè)诳吹揭黄恼麻_(kāi)頭處提出一個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)，或者舉出一個(gè)例子的時(shí)候，不要想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為這就是作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，他們有可能是作者所要批判的觀(guān)點(diǎn)或者反例。在駁論文中，作者會(huì)在第一段的后半部分或第二段用but， however， although， though， in fact等表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞或表示讓步的句型引出自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，即文章的主旨。

[例1]（2013廣東） Some people think that success is only for those with talent or those who grow up in the right family， and others believe that success mostly comes down to luck. Im not going to say luck， talent， and circumstances dont come into play because they do. Some people are born into the right family while others are born with great intelligence， and thats just the reality of how life is.

However， to succeed in life， one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical. And， in addition to that， in order to get really good at something， one needs to spend at least 10，000 hours studying and practicing. To become great at certain things， itll require even more time， time that most people wont put in.

...

35. What is the main theme of the passage？

A. Having a goal is vital to success.

B. Being good is different from being great.

C. One cannot succeed without time and practice.

D. Luck， talent and family help to achieve success.

解析：本題是問(wèn)文章的主題思想。由第二段開(kāi)頭的However可知，第一段的觀(guān)點(diǎn)不是本文的中心論點(diǎn)，而是作者要反駁的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。本文的中心論題在第二段，且重點(diǎn)落在And in addition to that， ...one needs to spend at least 10，000 hours studying and practicing，其后的內(nèi)容都是說(shuō)明在確定目標(biāo)后，要成功，就必須投入大量時(shí)間去學(xué)習(xí)和實(shí)踐。換句話(huà)說(shuō)，就是不花時(shí)間和實(shí)踐是不可能取得成功的。故選C。

[例2]（2010浙江） The term “multitasking” originally referred to peoples ability to carry out several tasks one time. For many people， multitasking has become a way of life and even a key to success. In fact， some excellent mental aerobic exercises （大量訓(xùn)練） involve engaging the brain in two or more challenging activities at a time. Although checking email while taking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second nature for some people， many times multitasking can make us less productive， rather than more. But studies show that too much multitasking can lead to increased anxiety and memory loss.

…

52. What is the main idea of the passage？endprint

A. Multitasking has become a way of life.

B. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline.

C. Multitasking describes need to be improved.

D. Multitasking enables people to remember things better.

解析：通讀全文可知這是一篇駁論，文章對(duì)之前的理論進(jìn)行了駁斥。根據(jù)句子Although checking email while taking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second nature for some people， many times multitasking can make us less productive， rather than more，可知作者想要表達(dá)的觀(guān)點(diǎn)是此句的主句部分，即many times multitasking can make us less productive， rather than more（許多時(shí)候多任務(wù)處理會(huì)使我們工作效率較低），故選B。

二、如何解答駁論文中的詞義猜測(cè)題或指代題

在解答駁論文中的詞義猜測(cè)題或代詞指代題時(shí)，我們同樣可以利用駁論文特有的文章結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行解答。應(yīng)對(duì)方法就是，充分理解駁論文中作者先提出一個(gè)前人的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，再接著利用例子、后人觀(guān)點(diǎn)等對(duì)這個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反駁，從而提出自己觀(guān)點(diǎn)的這一特點(diǎn)，從而認(rèn)真解讀作者在文中先后列出的兩個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)的關(guān)系。

[例3]（2012廣二模） Many psychologists in the early twentieth century believed that humans use only 10 percent of their brains， and even the great Albert Einstein once wrote that most people use only a small portion of the grey matter between their ears. Its a theory that has often been put forward in television documentaries， magazines， advertisements and books over the past century.

But nearly all scientists now agree the 10 percent theory is completely unfounded. In fact， they question how this figure was ever arrived at in the first place and what areas of the brain are supposed to be unneeded. The theory supposes that if 90 percent of the brain were removed， a person would still be able to function normally， while in reality it is known that damage to even a small area of the brain can result in extremely serious physical injury different activities and that many areas of the brain are used at the same time for some complex activities or thought processes.

...

42. The underlined word “unfounded” is close in meaning to _________.

A. undiscovered B. unproven C. unknown D. unnecessary

解析：作者在文章第一段文章開(kāi)頭提出了許多心理學(xué)家甚至愛(ài)因斯坦也認(rèn)同的觀(guān)點(diǎn)：我們?nèi)祟?lèi)在日常活動(dòng)中只使用了大腦中的10%或一小部分。但從第二段but將話(huà)鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，點(diǎn)明文章主題，“現(xiàn)在差不多所有科學(xué)家都認(rèn)為10%的理論是完全_______的”；第二句In fact， they question how this figure was ever arrived at in the first place and what areas of the brain are supposed to be unneeded（事實(shí)上，他們質(zhì)疑10%這個(gè)數(shù)字最早是如何得出來(lái)的，大腦的哪些部分被認(rèn)為是不需要的）以及隨后幾句，都表明對(duì)這個(gè)理論提出了質(zhì)疑，可見(jiàn)現(xiàn)在的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為它是“未經(jīng)證實(shí)的”，故選B。

[例4]（2014湖北）For most city people， the elevator is an unremarkable machine that inspires none of the enthusiasm or interest that Americans afford trains， jets， and even bicycles. Dr. Christopher Wilk is a member of a small group of elevator experts who consider this a misunderstanding. Without the elevator， they point out， there could be no downtown skyscrapers or tall buildings， and city life as we know it would be impossible. In that sense， they argue， the elevators role in American history has been no less significant than that of cars. In fact， according to Wilk， the car and the elevator have been locked in a “secret war” for over a century， with cars making it possible for people to spread horizontally （水平地）， and elevators pushing them toward life in close groups of towering vertical （垂直的） columns.endprint

...

67. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 1 refer to？

A. The general view of elevators.

B. The particular interests of experts.

C. The desire for a remarkable machine.

D. The enthusiasm for transport vehicles.

解析：作者在文章第一句提出了大部分人認(rèn)為電梯是不起眼的機(jī)器的看法，緊接著第二句描寫(xiě)了Dr. Christopher Wilk對(duì)之前觀(guān)點(diǎn)的反駁，認(rèn)為這是對(duì)電梯的誤解，所以此處this指代前面大家對(duì)電梯的普遍觀(guān)點(diǎn)，故選A。

三、如何解答駁論文中的寫(xiě)作意圖題

在解答駁論文的寫(xiě)作意圖題時(shí)，只要我們能肯定的判斷所閱讀文章是一篇駁論文，那么文章的寫(xiě)作意圖是非常清晰明了的。應(yīng)對(duì)方法是，駁論文的寫(xiě)作意圖往往就是反駁某種觀(guān)點(diǎn)或者提出一個(gè)新的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。

[例5]（文章節(jié)選略，請(qǐng)見(jiàn)[例3]）

45. What is the main purpose of the passage？

A. To present two sides of brain theory.

B. To criticize the 10 percent theory.

C. To explain how brain works.

D. To describe the history of brain research.

解析：通讀全文可知這是一篇駁論文，文章對(duì)之前的理論進(jìn)行了駁斥。由第二段首句（but...） 及其后內(nèi)容，是質(zhì)疑批評(píng)10%理論的，對(duì)比四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，只有選項(xiàng)B正確。

[例6] Many of us mistakenly believe that its wrong to think we have any good qualities. We may spend a lot of time blaming ourselves for our negative qualities， thinking that self criticism is the key to improving our performance. However， a constant focus on our supposed shortcomings can stop our efforts to make friends with other people. How can we believe that others could like us if we believe our inner being is flawed？

If someone seems to dislike you， the reason for that dislike might have little or nothing to do with you. The person who doesnt like you might be fearful， or shallow or busy or shy. Perhaps you and that person are simply a mismatch for each other at this particular time.

...

△The main purpose of the passage is to tell us plays an important role in making friends.

A. admitting your shortcomings B. self criticism

C. modesty D. confidence

解析：通過(guò)閱讀全文可知，這是一篇駁論，文章通過(guò)反駁人們錯(cuò)誤的理論而提出自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，根據(jù)第一段However， a constant focus on our supposed shortcomings can stop our efforts to make friends with other people可知，要有自信才能廣交朋友。故選D。

總之，當(dāng)我們?cè)谕瓿神g論文的閱讀理解過(guò)程時(shí)，我們必須充分了解駁論文的特點(diǎn)，并在此基礎(chǔ)上不斷體會(huì)作者的意圖，確定文章中心思想，不要主觀(guān)臆斷。

（作者單位：梅州市曾憲梓中學(xué)）

責(zé)任編校 蔣小青endprint