滿族喪葬禮儀英譯示例研究

摘 要：滿族的喪葬禮儀過程繁瑣，具有濃郁的民族性和文化性。在對喪葬禮儀過程中，譯者應該遵循歸化和異化原則，在最大限度保留民俗文化特征基礎上注重對基本信息的傳遞。

關鍵詞：喪葬禮儀；英譯

一、滿族喪葬禮儀概述

滿族的喪葬習俗有很多講究。從死亡開始，包括停靈、祭奠和出殯三個過程。一般人家老人死后，要順炕放三塊木頭，俗稱“停尸排子”，把死人放在上邊。要頭朝西，腳朝東。死者的嘴里要放一個銅大錢，或者硬幣，叫“含殮”。要停靈三天。第二天，中午開始“祭奠”。出殯的時候，長子手舉“靈頭幡”，走在靈車前頭。靈車后，其他子女們打著“銘旌”，就是細長的布條，像旗幟一樣，結在一根長棍上。出殯回來，要擺筵席宴請參加送葬的親戚朋友，叫做“辭靈飯”。祭奠日期，有“一七”，也叫“頭七”，就是人死后的第七天。家人和子女要攜帶供飯、供果等到墳頭焚燒。以后是“三七”、“五七”、“七七”祭奠。到了一百天，還要照樣祭奠，叫“燒百日”。祭奠完畢，家人和子女在墳前脫去孝服，叫做“脫孝”。到了一周年時，要“燒周年”，舉動比較大。再以后，要“燒三周年”。每年到了清明節(jié)，家人和子女要上墳祭奠。

二、滿族喪葬禮儀的英譯原則及示例

由于滿族喪葬禮儀風俗具有民俗文化的一般特征，所以對于滿族喪葬和生育禮儀的翻譯，可采用如下原則。第一，根據歸化原則，在能夠為目的語讀者理解的情況下應盡量保留民俗文化的獨特特征。第二，努力創(chuàng)設目的語讀者的認知語境，盡量使翻譯后的英文能夠被西方讀者輕松悅納，采用異化原則。第三，譯文的信息傳遞功能優(yōu)先于文化特征保留功能。根據以上原則，所做的英文示例如下：

Manchu devote particular care to the funeral customs. The whole process of funeral ritual includes three parts： “tingling”（keeping a coffin in a temporary shelter before burial）， “jidian”（holding a memorial ceremony for death） and “chubin”（carrying a coffin to the cemetery）. For a common household， three pieces of wood will be put on the kang to form a bed called “tingshipaizi” that has the same direction with it so that the corpse can lie down on it. The corpse’s head will be towards westward and its feet will be towards eastward. A coin made of copper should be put into the mouth of the dead， which is called “hanlian”. “Tingling” will last three days. The next day， “jidian” begins at noon. After that， “chubin” appears， in which the eldest son will hold a “l(fā)ingtoufan”（ a kind of thing that can lead the soul of a person into the paradise after death） and walks the first， in the meantime， other sons and daughters follow him holding the thin and long cloth tied to a stick like a flag called “mingjing”. After the burial ceremony， a dinner will be served for the attending relatives and close friends， which is called “ciling dinner”. The days of memorial to the dead include the following： the seventh day， the twenty first day， the thirty fifth day and the forty ninth day. Apart from this， the one hundredth day， the first anniversary after death， the third anniversary and tomb sweeping day ceremonies to memorize the dead should also be held. For these ceremonies， the family members and subordinates should carry some good food or fruit to the tombs for burning， which is believed that the dead could receive them.

參考文獻：

[1]蔣紅紅，民俗文化翻譯探索，國外外語教學[J]，2007（3）

[2]Ernest-AugustGutt. Translation and Relevance： Cognitionand Context[M]. Brookland： St. Jerome Publishing， 2000.

作者簡介：王曉輝（1977.1—），男，研究生，現為東北電力大學外國語學院講師，主要研究方向為英美文學和英語教育。