
[摘 要]英語寫作是英語教學的一個重要內容。它是大學生英語綜合能力不可缺少的部分。英語寫作培養學生的語言組織能力,邏輯思維能力方面發揮著重要作用。同時也是學生運用能力的體現,從而進一步提高學生的理解和欣賞英語作品的能力。因此,英語作文掌握一些寫作技巧,對學生寫作指引了一條捷徑。
[關鍵詞]主題段落;功能段落;主題句;發展句;結尾句
英文段落分為兩種:主題段落和功能段落。前者表達某一單一而又完整的意思,作者通過它向讀者傳遞信息。后者主要是為行文的發展服務的,往往用來產生某種特殊效果,或者有來表現作者的寫作風格。一則實例,一個細節,一組對話,一處轉折,甚至一句話,一個詞語,均可構成功能段落。
主題段落一般內容主題句(topic sentence), 發展句(developer)和結尾句(terminator)三個要素。主題句點破文章段落的中心思想;發展句為主題句提供各種依據,對段落主旨進行解釋,說明書推展和發揮,從而構成段落的主體。結尾句則根據段落邏輯發展的需要,對段落主題進行重述,評論或總結,借以強化段落留給讀者的最后印象,并給人以段落完竣之心理上的滿足。請看下面段落。
Living at college, first of all, gives me a sense of rosponsibility, of being on my own. My parents aren’t around to say, “No you’re not going out tonight.” or “Did you finish your homework?”Everything I do has to be my decision, and that gives me the responsibility of handling my own life, During the second week I was at college, I had to go out and look for a bank where I could open an account, Before that I looked in the phone book since I had no clue about any banks around here or where they were located , someone told me about a good bank: Continental Federal Savings , I went to the bank and made decisions for myself----whether to have a checking or savings account and whether or not to get a MASTAR card That was ond example lf having responsibility now that I’m on my own and of making my own decisions.
From ?Practical English?
上面段落第一句為主題句,第七句為結尾句,兩 都闡述大學住校生給作者一種獨立自主的責任感.中間五個句子分別從不同的角度闡述了主題。
對主題段落來說,最重要的當屬于主題句本身的寫作。因為它是整個段落的“龍頭”。寫主題句時要注意以下三個方面:
1.題句內應包含主題導向
所謂主題導向,就是主題句中的一個或若干關鍵詞語,是它們指導作者的思路,讓讀者更積積,更主動地去理解作者所表達的思想。例如:
Farming products’ price has been increasing these months throughort China. 本句含有主題導向:Throng out China 地點、 these months 時間,這樣文章的發展就有了指導方向,作者可以順著這個方向組織這個段落。
2.主題句盡量概括
所謂概括,系指題句的表述應全面,能夠涵蓋段內發展句乃至尾句。主題句概括性主要體現在主題導向上。以主題句Farming products’ price has been increasing these months through out China 為例,如果民展句是分別從我國城、鄉、沿海地區、內地等方面進行闡述的,可以說該主題句具有概括性。
3.主題句應盡具體
主題句在保證概括的前提下,又應當盡量具體。如果段落中想說的農產品的價格在湖南省各地都在看漲,那么用In Hunan 作主題導向,顯然要比用throughout China 更具體。
倘若動筆寫主題句時覺得一開始就“言歸正傳”有點唐突,可以在主題句前加一個主題引言。例如:
Where prices are high, producers can get more money for their goods, When prices are low, customers can get more goods for their money. These changes in the prcices lf goods can cause changes in production and consumption. As the prices of goods go up , producers will make more goods in order to make more money, As the prices go down, consumers will buy more goods because of the low prices.段中第一二句為主題引言,第三句才是主題句,規定本段僅就商品價格變化引起商品供求變化。
最后擊破要指出的是,主題句是段落一經拆開,再稍微加工,便可望成為一篇符合要求的短文。
College life is new and independent for me. First of all, it gives me a sense of responsibility of on my own.
When living at college, my parents aren’t around to say, “ No, you’re not going ort tonight” or “Did you finish your homework?” Everything I do has to be my decision. For example, During the second week I was at college, I had to go out and look for a bank where I would open an account. But before that I have known nothing abort banks, which bank to go? Whether to have a checking or savings account and whether or not to get a MASTAR card?
All of these have to be decided by myself.
比較上面段落及短文,可以得出地者結構對比示意圖如下:
(TS: topic sentence D: developer T: Terminator)
Passage (段落) Essay (文章)
組成部分,即主題,發展與收尾,當然段落中的每一個發展點在較長文章中也可各自擴充成一個段落。