石娟
我們先來(lái)看一下2015年部分高考真題:
1. (2015年高考新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷·語(yǔ)法填空) The adobe dwellings(土坯房) 61 (build) by the Pueblo Indiansof the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.
2. (2015年高考新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷·語(yǔ)法填空) A study of travelers 68, (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
3. (2015年上海高考卷·語(yǔ)法填空) (shock), I took it from her automatically.
4. (2015年高考新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷·改錯(cuò)) A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop.
高考對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查旨在檢驗(yàn)考生能否分辨某個(gè)動(dòng)詞是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,如果它是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,在句子中充當(dāng)什么成分,與邏輯主語(yǔ)是什么關(guān)系。解決此類(lèi)題目,只需分三步走:
一、明確身份
首先我們要利用“有無(wú)連詞”這個(gè)原則確定句中的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)還是非謂語(yǔ)。一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句中只能有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,若句中存在兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,則應(yīng)用連詞連接成復(fù)合句;若句中無(wú)連詞,則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞以外的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)采用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。簡(jiǎn)言之,有連詞,用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;無(wú)連詞,用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
我們來(lái)判斷以上動(dòng)詞是不是非謂語(yǔ)。通過(guò)分析句子主干,我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)上文的第1,2,3句中都有自己的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,即加粗部分。在沒(méi)有連詞的情況下,空里的動(dòng)詞必須是非謂語(yǔ)的形式。在第4題中,and連接兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,所以tell不是非謂語(yǔ)。現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練一下,以下哪些題目里的動(dòng)詞是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞呢?
1. (2014年高考山東卷改編) The room is empty except for a bookshelf (stand) in one corner.
2. (2104年高考福建卷改編) Knowing basic first-aid techniques (help) you respond quickly to emergencies.
3. (2014年高考上海卷) (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started to work in a local café as a waiter.
解析 要進(jìn)行非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變形的是第1題和第3題。因?yàn)檫@兩句話(huà)中都有自己的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,即標(biāo)粗部分,然后整句話(huà)中又沒(méi)有任何連詞,所以要用動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式。而第2題通過(guò)句子分析沒(méi)有找到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,所以help就是謂語(yǔ)。三道題的答案分別是:standing;helps;to earn。第1題中的現(xiàn)在分詞在句中做a bookshelf的后置定語(yǔ),第3題中的to earn是動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。
二、確定語(yǔ)態(tài)
確定是非謂語(yǔ)之后,我們就要判斷非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中的成分和作用(確定邏輯主語(yǔ)&語(yǔ)態(tài))了。如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間為主謂關(guān)系則用現(xiàn)在分詞形式或不定式的主動(dòng)式;若為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系則用。不定式的被動(dòng)式或過(guò)去分詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞植煌鼘?duì)應(yīng)的邏輯的主語(yǔ)的位置也不同。
(2014年高考四川卷) Not knowing which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice. (非謂語(yǔ)充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相同)
(2013年天津高考卷) In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words used in daily conversations. (非謂語(yǔ)充當(dāng)定語(yǔ),邏輯主語(yǔ)是所修飾的詞)
(2015年高考上海卷) As I squeezed back into the car, I saw the same lady looking in at me. (非謂語(yǔ)充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的賓語(yǔ))
我們來(lái)看一組對(duì)比題:
Seen from the top of the mountain, our house looks like a car.
Seeing rom the top of the mountain, I felt our house looks like a car.
See from the top of the mountain, and you will find the city more beautiful.
To see it more clearly, they came up and got close to it. (動(dòng)詞不定式表示目的)
三、確定時(shí)態(tài)
第三步就是搜索句中相關(guān)的時(shí)間信息,確定非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前時(shí),用過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞形式或不定式的完成式(主動(dòng):having done/to have done;被動(dòng):done/having been done/to have been done);如果動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行用現(xiàn)在分詞形式或不定式的進(jìn)行式(主動(dòng):doing;被動(dòng):being done);如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之后,用不定式的一般式(主動(dòng):to do;被動(dòng):to be done)。請(qǐng)看下題:
The question (discuss) now at the meeting is very important.
The question (discuss) at the meeting last week is very important.
The question (discuss) at at the meeting next week is very important.
(tell) many times, he still couldnt understand it.
運(yùn)用以上方法分析分析不難得出答案:being discussed; discussed; to be discussed; Having been told。
除了以上步驟,我們還必須明確:
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞與不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在分詞表示自然而然的結(jié)果;不定式表示意想不到的結(jié)果,其前常加only。試比較:
The sun began to rise in the sky, bathing in the mountain in golden light.
Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didnt fit.
2. 有些過(guò)去分詞源于系表結(jié)構(gòu),分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化,相當(dāng)于形容詞,可省略系動(dòng)詞直接作非謂語(yǔ)。例如:
Absorbed in his novel, he didnt notice what was happening around him.
Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car.
The girl seated beside me looked so excited at the news.
常見(jiàn)的分詞做形容詞的短語(yǔ)有:be addicted to, be buried in, be devoted to, be faced with, be dressed in, be excited about, be interested in, be tired of等。
3.如果作定語(yǔ)的不定式是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞,注意不可忽略不定式短語(yǔ)中的介詞。例如:
After she completes the project, shell have nothing to worry about.
There are five pairs to choose from, but Im at a loss which to buy.
結(jié)合以上講解,你現(xiàn)在知道前面列出的高考真題的答案了嗎?
1. built; 2. conducted; 3. Shocked; 4. telling→told。