張勇
筆者研究了近兩年全國新課標英語卷語篇填空,發現每年都考查到非謂語動詞?,F筆者對非謂語考點進行歸納小結,希望對廣大考生有所幫助。
非謂語動詞是指在句子中不是謂語的動詞,主要包括不定式、動名詞、現在分詞和過去分詞,即動詞的非謂語形式。非謂語動詞除了不能獨立作謂語外,可以充當句子的其他多種成分。
考點一:非謂語動詞做主語
主語表示句子主要說明的人或事物,能做主語的有動詞不定式和動名詞。
【真題再現】
[2014·全國新課標卷I]It took years of work 65 (reduce)industrial pollution and clean the water.
解析:考查It takes some time to do sth. 句式。其中it是形式主語,真正的主語是后面的to do sth,故用to reduce。
考點二:非謂語動詞做賓語
賓語是指一個動作(動詞)的承受者,常置于動詞之后,也可置于介詞之后構成介賓短語。動詞不定式和動名詞皆可用作賓語。常接動名詞做賓語的動詞有:avoid,miss,put off,advise,finish,practise,enjoy,imagine,cant help,admit,deny,envy escape,risk,excuse,stand,keep,mind等(記憶口訣:避免錯過少延期,建議完成多練習。喜歡想象禁不住,承認否定與嫉妒。逃避冒險莫原諒,忍受保持不介意)。常接不定式作賓語的動詞有:agree,ask,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish等。
【真題再現】
[2014·全國新課標卷Ⅱ] One morning,I was waiting at the bus stop,worried about 61 (be) late for school.
解析:about是介詞,其后接名詞或動名詞構成介賓短語,故填being。
[2014·全國新課標卷Ⅱ] I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver,but he refused 66 (stop) until we reached the next stop.
解析:此題考查refuse to do sth.這一用法,故填不定式to stop做賓語。
[2014·全國新課標卷Ⅱ]Still,the boy kept 67 (ride).
解析:此空考查keep doing的固定搭配,現在分詞做賓語,故填riding。
[2015·全國新課標卷Ⅱ] In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition”a house without 44 (use) electric equipment.
解析:此題考查介詞后面接動名詞做賓語即介賓短語,故without后填use的動名詞形式using。
考點三:非謂語動詞做表語
不定式、動名詞、現在分詞和過去分詞均可用做表語。過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態,而現在分詞作表語則表示主語所具有的特征。動名詞作表語表示主語的具體內容時,主語和表語可以互換。
【真題再現】
[2014·全國新課標卷Ⅱ] There were many people waiting at the bus stop,and some of them looked very anxious and
63 (disappoint).
解析:此處是and連接的并列結構,一起置于系動詞look后做表語,同時又是修飾人,故填disappointed。
考點四:非謂語動詞做定語
能作定語的非謂語動詞有to do,doing,to be done,being done,done五種。當非謂語動詞與被修飾詞之間構成主動關系時用to do或doing作定語,表示將來或未發生的動作用to do,表示正在進行的動作用doing;當非謂語動詞與被修飾詞之間構成被動關系時,則用to do/to be done,being done或done做定語。需要注意的是,to do和to be done做定語表示被動時,如果句子中某一成分是該不定式的動作執行者,則選用to do;如果句子中沒有該不定式的動作執行者,則用to be done做定語。
【真題再現】
[2014·全國新課標卷I]While there are 68 (amaze) stories of instant transformation...
解析:此空充當定語修飾后面的名詞stories,表示“令人驚嘆”之意,故用amazing。
[2015·全國新課標卷I] A study of travelers 68 (conduct) by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
解析:此句的謂語動詞是names。study與conduct之間存在動賓關系,又由by可知,此處該用表示被動的過去分詞形式充當后置定語,故用conducted。
[2015·全國新課標卷I]Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong,says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people 70 (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
解析:由于live與其所修飾的名詞 people之間為邏輯上的主動關系,故用表示主動意義的現在分詞形式living來充當后置定語。
[2015·全國新課標卷Ⅱ]The adobe dwellings(土坯房)
41 (build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.
解析:此題與2015全國新課標卷I的第68空類似。dwellings和build之間是動賓關系,故填built作定語。
考點五:非謂語動詞做狀語
能做狀語的非謂語動詞有to do,doing,having done,done,having been done等。To do,doing和having done與句子主語構成邏輯上的主謂關系,而done、having been done與句子主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系。To do位于句首時常作目的狀語,位于句尾時常用作目的、結果、原因狀語等,而only to do常表示與預料中的情況不一致或相反的結果;doing放在句首時常作時間、條件、原因狀語等,位于句尾時常用作伴隨、方式狀語,也可作結果狀語,表示自然而然的結果;當非謂語動詞所表示的動作時間發生在主句動作時間之前時要用having done;done構成的短語作狀語放在句首時常表示時間、原因、條件等,位于句末時表示對前面的情況進行補充說明;而having been done則表示非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語構成被動關系,且該動作發生在句子謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。
【真題再現】
[2015·全國新課標卷Ⅱ]When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough 46 (cool)the house during the hot day.
解析:“形容詞+enough+動詞不定式”為一常用句式,此處不定式to do 充當結果狀語,所以該處填to cool。
考點六:非謂語動詞做賓語補足語
現在分詞、過去分詞和不定式皆能充當賓語補足語。常接帶to不定式作賓補的動詞(詞組)有want,warn,wait for,ask,tell,cause,call on,help,get,like,order,beg,allow,long for,forbid,force,advise,know,encourage,teach,invite,permit,persuade等。常接無to不定式、現在分詞和過去分詞作賓補的動詞(詞組)有:watch,observe,see,look at,make,let,have,hear,overhear,listen to,notice,feel,discover等。我們可以用口訣來幫助記憶:四看、三讓、三聽、一注意、一感覺、一發現。
【真題再現】
[2015·浙江卷]Listening to music at home is one thing,going to hear it ______ (perform) live is quite another.
解析:hear sb./sth. doing 表聽到某人某物做某事。由于音樂是被演奏的,所以需要用被動形式,但句子已有謂語動詞is,故填非謂語being performed,做賓語補足語。
[2015·陜西卷]Back from his two-year medical service in Africa,Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother ______ (take)good care of at home.
解析:句子的賓語his mother和take care of是被動關系,用動詞的過去分詞做賓語補足語,應填taken。
考點七:獨立主格結構中的非謂語動詞
獨立主格結構由名詞或代詞加上分詞短語構成,在句中作狀語,用于修飾整個句子。該結構中的名詞或代詞與其后的非謂語動詞短語構成邏輯上的主謂或動賓關系。需特別注意的是,獨立主格結構與主句之間不能用并列連詞和從句引導詞連接,二者常用逗號隔開。獨立主格結構可以轉化為相應的狀語從句,但不能轉化為分詞短語作狀語,因為它內部動詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致?!皐ith +名詞+非謂語動詞”也屬于獨立主格結構,在做這類題目時一定要小心判斷,不能粗心大意。
【真題再現】
因全國新課標卷的語法填空部分沒有出現此類填空,故借用他省高考真題。
[2015·江蘇卷]Much time______ (spend) sitting at a desk,office workers are generally troubled by health problems.
解析:句子的主語是office workers,謂語是are troubled,但spend的邏輯主語卻是time,故此題是考查獨立主格結構,time與spend之間是一種被動關系,故空格處用過去分詞表被動,填spent。
非謂語動詞不僅是高考英語考查的熱點之一,也是英語語法中的難點之一,但只要同學們在平時的學習過程中不斷歸納總結,重視句子結構分析,再難的問題都會迎刃而解。
實戰演練
填入所給詞的正確形式。
1.[2015·湖南卷]When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile,she stood rooted to the ground,________ (wonder) whether to stay or leave.
2.[2015·陜西卷]After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress,Anne Benedict went on___(thank)all the people who had helped in her career.
3.[2015·天津卷]______ (work) for two days,Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
4.[2015·安徽卷]______ (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
5.[2014·安徽卷]While waiting for the opportunity to get ________ (promote),Henry did his best to perform his duty.
6.[2014·北京卷]Last night,there were millions of people ________(watch) the opening ceremony live on TV.
7.[2014·北京卷]There are still many problems ________(solve)before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.
8.[2014·全國大綱卷]Today there are more airplanes ________(carry)more people than ever before in the skies.
9.[2014·福建卷] ________(spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong,Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
10.[2014·福建卷]For those with family members far away,the personal computer and the phone are important in staying________(connect).
11.[2014·湖南卷] There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland,________(stare) at the night sky.
12.[2014·湖南卷]________(free) ourselves from the physical and mental tensions,we each need deep thought and inner quietness.
13.[2014·江蘇卷]The lecture ________(give),a lively questionnaire answer session followed.
14.[2014·江西卷]________(spend) nearly all our money,we couldnt afford to stay at a hotel.
15.[2014·山東卷]Theres a note pinned to the door________(say) when the shop will open again.
16.[2014·四川卷]The manager was satisfied to see many new products ________ (develop) after great efforts.
17.[2014·天津卷]Clearly and thoughtfully________(write),the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
18.[2014·重慶卷]The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras ________(return) to our shop for quality problems.
答案與簡析
1. wondering 句子的主語she與動詞wonder構成邏輯上的主動關系,因此用v. ing形式作伴隨狀語,故填wondering。
2. to think 考查固定搭配go on doing/to do,在此是表示繼續做不同的事情,因此要用不定式to think作賓語。
3. Having worked 句中的邏輯主語為Steve,與work之間為主動關系,故用現在分詞,作狀語。但work這一動作先于謂語動詞發生,故用Having worked。
4. Ignoring 句子的謂語動詞為will be,缺少主語。ignore的邏輯主語是you,兩者是主謂關系,在此用動名詞作主語,故填Ignoring。
5. promoted 因promote的邏輯主語為Henry,且兩者之間為動賓關系,故應使用promoted。
6. watching 作定語,說明人們在做什么,與前面的people構成主謂關系。
7. to be solved 根據題干信息,非謂語動詞在這里作定語,限定problem表示“要去解決的問題”。根據非謂語動詞作定語的規則:現在分詞表示主動和正在發生;過去分詞表示被動和完成;不定式表示將要發生。所以填to be solved。
8. carrying 此處airplane和carry之間是主動關系,故用現在分詞carrying作定語。
9. Having spent 主語Linda和動詞spend之間是邏輯上的主謂關系,并且spend的動作發生在appear動作之前,故使用doing形式的完成式作狀語,故填Having spent。
10. connected 因(be)connected with是固定短語,意為“與……保持聯系、聯絡”,stay可以用作系動詞,connected可以看作表示狀態的形容詞,用作表語。
11. staring 作伴隨狀語,與隱含的主語(說話人)構成主動關系。
12. To free 位于句首表示目的,須用動詞不定式來充當目的狀語,故填To free。
13. having been given 分析該句結構可知,該句為獨立主格結構,空白處作狀語,lecture和give之間為被動關系,并表示動作已經發生,故填having been given。
14. Having spent 因spend與we之間為主動關系,spend這一動作發生在afford之前,故應該用現在分詞的完成式,即Having spent。
15. saying 句子的主干是theres a note,pinned to是過去分詞短語作定語,修飾note。say與note是主動關系,故用現在分詞作定語,修飾note。故填saying。
16. developed 此處是非謂語動詞作感官動詞see的賓語補足語,develop與賓語products為被動關系,故使用過去分詞developed。
17. written 句子的主語the book與write之間構成邏輯上的被動關系,再根據句意,學生受到了激發,可知write動作已經完成,故填written作狀語。
18. returned 此處cameras 與return是動賓關系,因此用過去分詞表示被動,過去分詞returned在此作cameras的定語。
(作者單位:廣東開平市風采中學)
責任編輯 蔣小青