英文學術(shù)論文中轉(zhuǎn)述語中轉(zhuǎn)述信號研究

黃晶偉，劉 冰

（1.黑龍江財經(jīng)學院外語系，哈爾濱 150025;2.黑龍江外國語學院英語系，哈爾濱 150025）

引言

長期以來轉(zhuǎn)述一直是英語語言中被人們廣泛關(guān)注的一種常見語言現(xiàn)象。傳統(tǒng)語法中有關(guān)于引語的研究，主要分為直接引語和間接引語。二十世紀八十年代夸克等［1］1020—1033的相關(guān)論述堪稱傳統(tǒng)語法在這一領(lǐng)域研究的典范。他們認為轉(zhuǎn)述最直接的方式是由轉(zhuǎn)述分句(Reporting Clause)和被轉(zhuǎn)述分句(Reported Clause)構(gòu)成。轉(zhuǎn)述分句涉及到講話者和以語言或文字進行交際的行為等，因而轉(zhuǎn)述分句引導交際內(nèi)容的轉(zhuǎn)述;而被轉(zhuǎn)述分句則可以取直接引語或間接引語的形式。該描述清晰明確，但視野過于狹窄，無法解釋一些顯然在轉(zhuǎn)述他人的話語，卻無法歸結(jié)于傳統(tǒng)語法中任何一種轉(zhuǎn)述形式，不適合應用于實際語篇分析，而本文所要探討的轉(zhuǎn)述涵蓋范圍要更為廣泛。

一、轉(zhuǎn)述語的定義

直接引語和間接引語是人們在語法書和教科書中司空見慣的概念，很多人甚至認為根本無需對轉(zhuǎn)述進行定義。然而在真實的文本中，卻有很多顯然在轉(zhuǎn)述他人的語言，但卻不能被歸結(jié)為上述范疇的語言現(xiàn)象。如:

(1)An agent is，according to Aristotle，a substance operating on another substance，the patient，which is passive with respect to the process of operation and sometimes resists the agent's influence.

例(1)中，作者通過according to這一轉(zhuǎn)述信號轉(zhuǎn)述了亞里士多德的觀點，但是該部分卻不是一個轉(zhuǎn)述分句，因此用傳統(tǒng)意義上的轉(zhuǎn)述無法解釋這句話。為了解決傳統(tǒng)語法在這方面的不足，本文借鑒巴赫金［2］281的“多聲性”概念，把轉(zhuǎn)述語定義為文本中有轉(zhuǎn)述信號指示的各種聲音。也就是說，轉(zhuǎn)述語包括說話人或作者用轉(zhuǎn)述信號表明有任何其他聲音進入文本之中的語言單位［3］501—530。一個表達轉(zhuǎn)述的句子由轉(zhuǎn)述信號(reporting signal)和轉(zhuǎn)述信息(message)兩個部分組成［4］1。

二、轉(zhuǎn)述信號

作為轉(zhuǎn)述句的重要組成部分，轉(zhuǎn)述信號表明說話人或作者在引述他人的話，而非直接表達自己的觀點或看法。傳統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)述研究的轉(zhuǎn)述信號一般為轉(zhuǎn)述動詞，但本文中還包括轉(zhuǎn)述名詞、轉(zhuǎn)述形容詞和轉(zhuǎn)述狀語［4］。以下以2013年到2015年間英語國家權(quán)威的學術(shù)期刊The Cognitive Science，Journal of Sociolinguistics，International Journal of Applied Linguistics，World Englishes，The Modern Language Journal等中的學術(shù)論文為語料，對各種轉(zhuǎn)述信號加以探討。

1.轉(zhuǎn)述動詞

在直接引用結(jié)構(gòu)和傳統(tǒng)的間接轉(zhuǎn)述結(jié)構(gòu)中，轉(zhuǎn)述信號都由轉(zhuǎn)述小句承載，通常為轉(zhuǎn)述動詞。如:

(2)‘We all know the warning bell she's talking about，right?'，asksLiberman rhetorically，‘That one over there，always in the back of our shared experience'(2010:n.p.).

(3)Studiespoint outthat stay abroad allows for greater benefits than CLIL and that CLIL yields better results than formal instruction among children and teenagers(Pérez-Vidal 2011).

例(2)是直接引用結(jié)構(gòu)，轉(zhuǎn)述小句中的動詞asks為轉(zhuǎn)述信號;在間接轉(zhuǎn)述結(jié)構(gòu)例(3)中，轉(zhuǎn)述小句中的動詞point out為轉(zhuǎn)述信號。

選擇不同的轉(zhuǎn)述動詞可表明說話人或作者對轉(zhuǎn)述信息持有不同的態(tài)度，如在例(2)中作者在轉(zhuǎn)述他人所說的話語，沒有附帶任何作者的個人傾向，作者在該句中保持中立的立場。常見的表達中性轉(zhuǎn)述的動詞還有say，write，describe，discuss，mention，comment，add等。當然說話人或作者也可以通過轉(zhuǎn)述動詞的選擇來表達自己對所轉(zhuǎn)述的信息的態(tài)度，如:

(4)Dawkins has himself beencriticizedfor personifying the gene(e.g.Sullivan 1995).

(5)Nusrataffirmswhat is gained when researching multilingually，noting that her research participants produced reflections of differing types in think-aloud protocols，depending on the language they used.

例(4)中的轉(zhuǎn)述動詞criticized明顯表達強烈反對的意味，說話人或作者常可用下列動詞表達懷疑或反對:challenge，accuse，distort，claim，allege，purport，exaggerate，overlook，simplify，misinterpret，misinform，misquote等。而例(5)中的轉(zhuǎn)述動詞affirms帶有贊同之意，類似表達支持或贊同意味的動詞還有:acknowledge，admit，confess，reveal，discover，illustrate，demonstrate，explain，prove，find，show，make clear，point out等。

2.轉(zhuǎn)述狀語

在上述各例中，轉(zhuǎn)述符號都是由轉(zhuǎn)述小句承載，但轉(zhuǎn)述信號也可以由轉(zhuǎn)述狀語來承載。轉(zhuǎn)述狀語有:副詞，如apparently，reportedly，allegedly，supposedly等;介詞短語，如according to，in one's words，in one's opinion，in one's view 等;非限定小句，如to quote等;從屬限定小句，如as far as...is concerned，as sb put it，as sb said/pointed out/argued/admitted等。如:

(6)In this section，we first identify the kinds of behaviour and/or actions that the creatures arereportedlyunder an obligation to perform.

(7)The type of encoding is linked，in Talmy's(1985，2000)view，to information salience in sentence processing:The encoding of motion components in the main verb places the meaning in the background(e.g.，I drove to New York)，while other types of encoding place the same meaning in the foreground(e.g.，I went to New York by car).

(8)To quote Davis(2013:377)，they‘created a space for new ways of thinking about English as a world language'especially for understanding how English is nativized to the uses and needs of speakers in contexts across the globe as well as for considering the social and cultural parameters relevant to the settings in which participants find themselves.(Valentine，2015)

(9)Undoubtedly，these components can be expressed in other languages through a variety of means;yet，as argued by Lucy(1992，1996)，what matters most in the study of language effects on cognition is not what can be expressed but what must be expressed.

3.轉(zhuǎn)述名詞

除了上述談及的轉(zhuǎn)述動詞和轉(zhuǎn)述狀語外，一些名詞也可以充當轉(zhuǎn)述信號。轉(zhuǎn)述名詞可以用于直接引文中，轉(zhuǎn)述信息由引文構(gòu)成;也可用于間接轉(zhuǎn)述結(jié)構(gòu)。常用的轉(zhuǎn)述名詞有assumption，acknowledgement，argument，claim，concern，criticism，explanation，implication，objection，statement，suggestion等。轉(zhuǎn)述信息一般在轉(zhuǎn)述名詞之后，由that小句、wh-小句、帶to的不定式小句構(gòu)成，有時轉(zhuǎn)述名詞與轉(zhuǎn)述信息間也可用冒號隔開，如:

(10)In the case of salience，Talmy(1985，2000)and Slobin(2006)actually makeincompatible assumptionsabout the effects of encoding:The former views encoding in the main verbs as backgrounding of motion components and the latter as heightening their salience.

(11)In the past decade，several linguists have raisedconcernsabout Talmy's(1985，2000)typology:Some identified S-languages with low manner verb usage and V-languages with low path usage，such as Romansh，while others identified languages，such as Arrernte or Basque，that do not easily fit within S-and V-categories(e.g.，Levinson ＆ Wilkins，2006;Strmqvist＆ Verhoeven，2004).

4.轉(zhuǎn)述形容詞

許多形容詞后面可接that小句表達轉(zhuǎn)述，小句部分是轉(zhuǎn)述信息，如下例中的轉(zhuǎn)述形容詞insistent。be加上轉(zhuǎn)述形容詞后，功能類似于轉(zhuǎn)述動詞，因此例(12)中的keenly insistent that...可用 keenly insisting that...來代替。

(12)This interpretation is in marked contrast to claims on the part of popular press accounts keenlyinsistentthat such signs embed a level of absurdity(Lansky 2007;Radtke 2007).(Pandey，2015)

結(jié)語

本文重新梳理了轉(zhuǎn)述的定義，指出傳統(tǒng)關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)述定義的不足，擴展了轉(zhuǎn)述的定義以及轉(zhuǎn)述信號涵蓋的范圍，以期能夠更好地解釋真實文本中各種不同的轉(zhuǎn)述現(xiàn)象，便于發(fā)現(xiàn)英文學術(shù)論文作者如何通過轉(zhuǎn)述或支持并加強自己的觀點，或反駁他人觀點而為發(fā)展自己的新觀點做出鋪墊，從而使自己的學術(shù)論文論證更加有力。

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(責任編輯:劉東旭)