蔣堅霞
如何翻譯莎士比亞十四行詩——以第43首為例,并附拙譯20首(英漢對照)
蔣堅霞
編者按:明年(2016)是偉大的英國戲劇家兼詩人莎士比亞(1564—1616)辭世400周年,本刊此輯發(fā)表蔣堅霞教授《如何翻譯莎士比亞十四行詩》一文,提前以資紀念。
拙譯《莎士比亞十四行詩選譯30首》及“譯后記”發(fā)表于《世界文學評論》2014年第2輯,不少著名網站全文轉載,有讀者選出最膾炙人口的第18首,將拙譯作為第32種,放在包括梁實秋、梁宗岱、卞之琳、戴鎦齡、高健、黃新渠等諸多名家在內的31種譯文之后公布于網上對照、比較、研究;有網民單選拙譯第18首配以不同的美麗背景圖片發(fā)布欣賞;有讀者將第129首原文、拙譯與辜譯列出比對。可見拙譯發(fā)表后,憑借《世界文學評論》的名聲,在讀者群中產生了良好的影響。有讀者私下跟我交流,因公務與學習繁忙,希望提供中英文對照電子文本,以方便閑暇時或旅途上利用手機和電腦輕松對比鑒賞。
莎士比亞是曠世奇才,戲劇大師,語言巨匠。他的十四行詩集總共154首,是真善美的高度統(tǒng)一,是世界詩歌百花園中一朵永不凋謝的奇葩。詩集藝術地概括詩人所熟悉的世界,以其激動人、感染人的藝術魅力,給人們以美的情懷和美的享受。
詩集于1609年5月20日以四折單行本正式出版。內容豐富多彩,語言新穎別致,既有高雅詩行,又有粗俗俏皮話,還有許多富于詩意的比喻、隱喻、戲言和出色雙關語,每首詩都洋溢著熾熱浪漫的詩情畫意。后世對莎士比亞十四行詩爭議不斷,有人認為是詩人真實遭遇的記錄,有人認為純屬虛構;有人認為歌頌愛情,有人認為歌頌友誼;有人認為是獻給一個人的,有人認為是獻給若干人的。通常的看法是,從第1首到第126 首是寫給一位貌美貴族青年的;從第127首到第152首是寫給一位黑膚女郎的;中間個別幾首和最后兩首與故事情節(jié)無關。
莎士比亞十四行詩的每一行為抑揚格(iambic pentameter)5音步10音節(jié),其韻式為abab cdcd efef gg,格律嚴謹,銳耳動聽;每首詩由三個韻式各自獨立的四個詩句(quatrain)和兩個起格言警句作用的押韻對句(couplet)構成,按起承轉合編排,邏輯嚴謹,意思豁達,語言精美凝練。
詩歌是精練的語言,詩歌語言需要錘煉,詩圣杜甫寫詩就追求“語不驚人死不休”,而我國歷代文人墨客一直有惜墨如金的傳統(tǒng)。譯詩跟寫詩一樣,對語言要精心打磨,要像魯迅說的那樣“把可有可無的字刪掉,做到凝練”。艾青說:“寫詩就是用最小的篇幅給人以最大的快感”,“我們所說的精練,是在共同的語言基礎上,要求不浪費,講得少而得到的多”。艾青還說:“詩是語言的藝術。詩所要求的是藝術的語言。尋找那些看起來平淡無奇,而內涵豐富的語言”,所謂平淡無奇而內涵豐富的語言,即藝術的語言,也正是莎士比亞十四行詩的語言風格特色。
漢語在敘事狀物、表情達意方面,在世界各國語言中堪稱一流,“漢語不僅以其詞匯的豐富而著稱,而且也以其在語句組織方面的多彩而自豪(郭紹虞)”,用現(xiàn)代漢語準確翻譯400多年前英國莎士比亞十四行詩,真實傳遞原詩風格意蘊與外形特征并非難事。我國京劇和各地方劇種有不少唱段唱詞是10字一行,用漢語10字譯英語10音節(jié)具有可操作性。國人對變換的隔行押韻不陌生,唐代詩人劉長卿《尋南溪常道士》詩“一路行徑處/莓苔見屐痕/白云依靜渚/芳草閉閑門/過雨看松色/隨山到水源/溪花與禪意/相對亦忘言”以及1 500多年前南華禪寺六祖惠能和尚寫的詩“菩提本無樹/明鏡亦非臺/本來無一物/何處惹塵埃”就是明證,只一味強調以一韻到底的韻式翻譯莎士比亞十四行詩才能使中國讀者感到這是詩,而不談譯語的凝練精美,實有誤導之嫌。
詩歌翻譯標準只有一個,優(yōu)秀譯詩必須在最大范圍內忠實于原詩,即在意蘊內涵、邏輯情理、詞語句式、風格體裁、音韻節(jié)奏、情調神韻等方面,甚至連標點符號也接近原詩,達到形與神近似的效果;而且譯詩語言必須跟原詩語言一樣富于文采,地道爽利,明朗顯豁,節(jié)奏有致,優(yōu)美動聽,便于誦讀,切忌不能有可以挑剔的語病,因為原詩是不可挑剔的。筆者遵循“樸則近本”的翻譯原則,在翻譯莎士比亞十四行詩時,力求使譯詩做到在語言風格特色和意蘊內涵的真實性和準確性上最大程度地與原詩近似,盡力做到譯詩讀者的感受與原詩讀者的感受一致。
譯詩質量若要達到優(yōu)秀,忠實于原詩必須放在首位。譯者要對原詩有精深的研究,對原詩是真懂而不是假懂,更不是似懂非懂。在理解階段,對原詩每個詞語的真實含意和短語以及句式結構的語法功能仔細分析、了然于心;對詩行上下文之間及其前后的邏輯關聯(lián)和人倫情理予以關注,這是保證譯詩不出誤解偏差的前提條件。在表達階段,譯者要具備駕馭母語的高超技能,緊扣原文,不增添中國式意象,不隨意發(fā)揮,不亂用“華麗修飾語”、四字成語、冗詞贅語、生造詞語和偏離原文的各種怪異說法。詩歌是語言的藝術,講究干凈爽利,因此,疊床架屋、拖泥帶水、累贅繁雜且與語法抵觸的文理不通的所謂的不少名家名譯,必然會受到高明讀者的挑剔和詬病,只能輝煌一時而不能傳之久遠。
在我國,從20世紀50年代以來,莎士比亞十四行詩集的漢語譯本已出版20余種,其中,屠岸和梁宗岱譯本在國內有名;梁實秋和菲律賓籍華人施穎洲譯本在海外著稱;自20世紀80年代末以來,莎士比亞研究新秀辜正坤和詩歌翻譯家曹明倫的譯本屢獲好評,尤其是影響廣泛的辜譯本,曾先后或同時在北京大學出版社、譯林出版社、中國出版集團/中國對外翻譯出版公司、華文出版社出版發(fā)行,且一版再版,我國香港和臺灣以及海外出版商業(yè)爭相購得版權出版發(fā)行,這是出版界少有的現(xiàn)象。
詩歌翻譯質量沒有最高,只有更高。評判譯文的質量要客觀,不能只憑主觀浮泛印象或懾于譯者威名妄下結論,而是必須緊扣原文,提供大量可靠事實闡明理由,同時評判的標準和尺度要一致。不怕不識貨就怕貨比貨,只有通過比較才能鑒別譯詩質量的優(yōu)劣。
時代在前進,人們的洞察力和識別力在迅速提高,更多沒有知名度卻有真才實學的人的言論和觀點會在自由民主的學術氛圍中得以發(fā)表,所有名家都必須以新的知識修改舊的成見,永遠被時代考驗,永遠接受新的甄別和新的評價。
現(xiàn)以莎士比亞十四行詩第43首為例,列出原文、蔣譯和辜、曹兩種名譯,做簡單對比評論,讀者若有興趣,還可在此基礎上繼續(xù)深入探討,做足文章。
原文: 蔣譯:
When most I wink, then do mine eyes best see, 閉上眼,眼睛看得最清晰, (a)
For all day they view things unrespected; 因白天它們視物不專心; (b)
But when I sleep, in dreams they look on thee, 睡覺時,夢中它們注視你, (a)
And darkly bright, are bright in dark directed. 黢黑發(fā)亮,昏暗中放光明。 (b)
Then thou, whose shadows doth make bright, 你啊,你的身影閃閃發(fā)亮, (c)
How would thy shadow's form form happy show 你的身形構成幸福景觀, (d)
To the clear day with thy much clearer light, 你的光比晴天更加亮堂, (c)
When to unseeing eyes thy shade shines so! 不見眼睛你身影也燦爛! (d)
How would , I say, mine eyes be blessed made 我說,我的眼睛,多么有福 (e)
By looking on thee in the living day, 在鮮活白天能對著你看, (f)
When in dead night thy fair imperfect shade 死夜中你不完美的身軀 (e)
Through heavy sleep on sightless eyes doth stay! 穿越沉睡而停留在盲眼! (f)
All days are nights to see till I see thee, 白天是黑夜要看只看你, (g)
And nights bright days when dreams do show thee me. 黑夜和白天你我在夢里。 (g)
【解析】第1節(jié)“起”,詩人述說白天事情紛擾視物不專心,只有夜深人靜閉上眼入睡時看愛友才看得最清晰,睡夢中注視愛友,愛友在黑暗中渾身黢黑發(fā)亮;第2節(jié)“承”,接上文,進一步歌頌愛友,夢見愛友的身影閃閃發(fā)亮,愛友 的身形構成幸福景觀,愛友發(fā)的光比晴朗的白天更亮堂,即使睡夢中看不見愛友的眼睛,也能夠看到愛友的身形同樣燦爛;第3節(jié)“轉”,,詩人說,雖然白天視物不專注,看得不清晰,但畢竟能直接對著愛友看,所以我的眼睛還是有福氣,可謂我們中國人常說的“一飽眼福”,即使到了夜晚,在迷糊的睡夢中,愛友的身軀顯得不完美,但能穿越沉睡停留在我看不見的眼睛里;第4“合”,此兩行點題,語句凝練簡潔,起格言警句的作用,全詩結束:不管白天黑夜,要看只看你,其余人或事都不屑一顧,不管黑夜白天,夢中顯示的只有你和我。
辜譯: 曹譯:
我的眼睛閉得緊緊,卻反能看得清清 我眼睛閉得越緊就看得越清晰
他們白日里所見之物,多半是淡淡平平。 因為它們白天所見都極其平常;
但當我的雙眼在夢中向你凝望, 而當我入睡,它們在夢中看你,
它們如暗夜焰火頓時四照光明。 遮暗的目光便被引向黑暗之光。
你眼中觀照的形象既能使黑暗發(fā)出光芒, 可既然你的身影能夠照亮黑暗,
它們又怎會在大白天里用更強的光亮 讓緊閉的眼睛也感到燦爛輝煌,
形成令人銷魂的場景, 那但愿你身影之形體能在白天
我雖閉起了雙眼,你的形象卻如此鮮明。 用你更亮的光形成更美的形象!
那么, 唉,我的雙眼要怎樣才會交上好運, 我說既然在死寂的夜你的倩影
以便在青天白日里也能目睹你的倩影, 能穿透沉睡逗留于緊閉的睡眼,
不然我就只能在死夜于沉沉的酣睡中, 那但愿我的眼睛被賜予這幸運:
用緊閉的雙眸觀摩你飄忽的芳容。 能在充滿生氣的白天把你看見!
看不到君顏,每一個白日都如黑夜陰晦, 若是看不見你,白天也像夜晚,
夜夜成了白天,因為只在夜夢里我們才會相會。 夢中與你相會,夜晚也是白天。
簡評:
縱觀外形,原文140音節(jié),韻腳為abab cdcd efef gg;蔣譯140字,悉依原韻;辜譯227字,多出于蔣譯87字,字數龐雜,且各行長短不齊,最短第7行9字,最長第14行19字,還不遵循原韻;曹譯179字,多出蔣譯39字,每一行大致整齊,基本遵循原韻。
原文: 1 When most I wink, then do mine eyes best see, a
2 For all day they view things unrespected; b
3 But when I sleep, in dreams they look on thee, a
4 And darkly bright, are bright in dark directed. b
蔣譯: 1 閉上眼,眼睛看得最清晰, a (“上”字有“緊”的意味)
2 因白天它們視物不專心; b(unrespected意為unnoticed; unregarded)
3 睡覺時,夢中它們注視你, a(look on thee就是“注視你”)
4 黢黑發(fā)亮,昏暗中放光明。 b
辜譯: 1 我的眼睛閉得緊緊,卻反能看得清清(習慣說“看得清楚”)
2 他們白日里所見之物,多半是淡淡平平;(屠岸譯文“平凡的”)
3 但當我的雙眼在夢中向你凝望,(梁宗岱譯文“向你凝望”)
4 它們如暗夜焰火頓時四照光明。(原文既無比喻,也無fireworks“焰火”)
曹譯: 1 我眼睛閉得越緊,就看得越清晰,(原文不是the more...the more... 結構)
2 因為它們白天所見都極其平常,(“極其平常”也從屠岸“平凡”而來)
3 而當我入睡,它們在夢中看你,(“當”習慣與“的時候”搭配)
4 遮暗的目光便被引向黑暗之光。(darkly bright非“遮暗的目光”)
此節(jié)中,辜譯“他們白日里所見之物”毫無詩味。因unrespected被屠岸誤譯為“平凡的”,辜曹二人不鉆研原文而跟著學樣,辜譯改動為“淡淡平平”,曹譯則變成“極其平常”,這是迷信權威的結果。辜譯“多半是”是為了湊足字數,其實用“很平常”三個字可替換七個字“多半是淡淡平平”,難道不可以嗎?辜譯“卻反能”拗口別扭,不是詩歌語言,辜譯“四照光明”是生造成語,費解,單說“四照”,誰也不懂。
原文: 5 Then thou, whose shadows doth make bright, c
6 How would thy shadow's form happy show d
7 To the clear day with thy much clearer light, c
8 When to unseeing eyes thy shade shines so! d
蔣譯: 5 你啊,你的身影變得明亮, c
6 你的身形構成幸福景觀, d(show是名詞,意為aspect; an external sign)
7 你的光比晴天更加亮堂, c
8 不見眼睛你身影也燦爛! d(“不見”與unseeing,準確對等)
辜譯: 5 你眼中觀照的形象既能使黑暗發(fā)出光芒,(原文處既無eye,又無dark)
6 它們又怎會在大白天里用更強的光亮(“更強的光亮”太刺眼了)
7 形成令人銷魂的場景,(原文無“靈魂離開肉體,極度歡樂”之意)
8 我雖閉起了雙眼,你的形象卻如此鮮明。(“起”字錯用,見下面說明)
曹譯: 5 可既然你的身影能夠照亮黑暗,
6 讓緊閉的眼睛也感到燦爛輝煌,(原文無“眼睛”,何來“緊閉的”)
7 那但愿你身影之形體能在白天(“身影之形體”費解)
8 用你更亮的光形成更美的形象!(胡亂翻譯,完全沒了eyes的蹤影)
此節(jié)中,辜譯“既能使”、“又怎會”、“雖”、“卻”,曹譯“可既然”、“那但愿”等,都不是好的詩歌用語。辜譯“閉起了雙眼”怪異,“起”是趨向動詞,用在動詞后,表示向上:“抬起箱子往外走”,“拿起武器打敵人”;“閉眼”是合上眼,是人體眼睛上下眼皮(眼瞼)的一種生理機能,主要由上眼皮往下的動作完成,所以“閉”和“眼”之間不能用“起”,習慣說“閉上眼睛不說話”,“閉著眼想問題”。
原文: 9 How would , I say, mine eyes be blessed made e
10 By looking on thee in the living day, f
11 When in dead night thy fair imperfect shade e
12 Through heavy sleep on sightless eyes doth stay! f
蔣譯: 9 我說,我的眼睛,多么有福 e
10 在鮮活白天能對著你看, f (“在鮮活白天”in the living day,簡潔對等)
11 死夜中你不完美的身軀 e
12 穿越沉睡而停留在盲眼! f
辜譯: 9 那么,愛,我的雙眼要怎樣才會交上好運,(辜沒有讀懂原文)
10 以便在青天白日里也能目睹你的倩影,(“在青天白日里”,請與蔣譯比較)
11 不然我就只能在死夜于沉沉的酣睡中,
12 用緊閉的雙眸觀摩你飄忽的芳容。 (胡猜亂蒙歪曲原意)
曹譯: 9 我說既然在死寂的夜你的倩影
10 能穿透沉睡逗留于緊閉的睡眼,(此行有“能”,第12行又用“能”,累贅)
11 那但愿我的眼睛被賜予這幸運:(不僅歪曲原意,而且重復第7行“那但愿”)
12 能在充滿生氣的白天把你看見!(此行“能”與第10行“能”,冗贅)
此節(jié)中,辜譯“那么”、“以便”、“不然”,曹譯“既然”、“那但愿”、“把你看見(習慣說‘被你看見’)”、第10行兩個“睡”,都是好詩應該避免的說法;辜譯“觀摩你飄忽的芳容”費解,華茲華斯倒有a wandering voce(“飄忽的聲音”)一說。
原文 :13 All days are nights to see till I see thee, (10)g
14 And nights bright days when dreams do show thee me. (10)g
蔣譯 :13 白天黑夜要看我只看你, (10)g
14 黑夜白天你我都在夢里。 (10)g
辜譯: 13 看不到君顏,每一個白日都如黑夜陰晦, (16)g
14 夜夜成了白天,因為只在夜夢里我們才會相會。 (19)g
曹譯:13 若是看不見你,白天也像夜晚, (12)g
14 夢中與你相會,夜晚也是白天。 (12)g
現(xiàn)在談談最后兩行英雄雙行體對句(Heroic Couplet)的翻譯。第13行原文“to see”和“I see thee”是肯定形式,辜譯“看不到君顏”,曹譯“若是看不見你”,都是否定形式,與原文相悖,原文壓根兒無“no”或“not”,辜譯“君顏”是生造,規(guī)范的漢語不這樣說,《現(xiàn)代漢語詞典》不作為詞條收錄。曹譯增添“不”字還嫌不夠,還要增添原文沒有的表示假設條件的“若是”(if),對原文歪曲得更厲害,辜譯的“如”,是“如同”、“好像”,可原文根本沒有“as / seem /be like”等表示比喻的對應詞語。辜譯“黑夜陰晦”別扭,因為只要是“黑夜”,其黑暗程度遠超“陰晦”,“陰晦”是蛇足,只是為了與下面的“相會”湊韻,而“相會”也很牽強,原文不是“meet each other”,更無表示“因為”的“because”,辜譯嚴重歪曲原意。辜譯“夜夢”也不好,原文不是“night dreams”,漢語說“他夜晚(愛)做夢”而不說“他(愛)做夜夢”,但可說“他(愛)做白日夢”,“夢”前所謂的“華麗修飾語”“夜”,絕對不能胡亂添加在“夢”的前面。須知,語言是約定俗成,只能順應,不能胡來,而原文“dreams”前也無“night”,可見英漢語在語言習慣表達方面也有不少相同之處。此兩行只在末尾有一逗號和句號,辜譯曹譯都在行中隔開,分別增添兩個逗號。必須指出,起格言警句作用的這最后兩行對句,結構巧妙,用詞洗練,辜譯第13行16字,第14行19字,大大超過原詩音節(jié)數一半,而且兩行還不對稱。總之,意思走樣,與語法抵牾,冗詞贅語太多,都是辜譯和曹譯之敗筆。
附英漢對照:莎士比亞十四行詩選譯20首(蔣堅霞譯)
XXXI 31
Thy bosom is endeared with all hearts 你胸膛有眾心而受青睞
Which I lacking have supposed dead, 我因為欠缺誤以為死亡,
And there reigns love, and all love's loving parts, 愛雄踞于此,是全愛之愛,
And all those friends which I thought buried. 那所有故舊想必已埋葬。
How many a holy and obsequious tear 多少神圣而哀悼的淚水
Has dear religious love stol'n from mine eye 將摯愛從我的眼中偷走
As interest of the dead, which now appear 像死者之權益,此刻顯示
But things removed that hidden in thee lie! 可你心里藏的事被移走!
Thou art the grave where buried love doth live, 你是墳墓埋葬的愛會活,
Hung with the trophies of my loves gone, 掛滿我死去愛人的祭品,
Who all their parts of me to thee did give: 我所有一切給了你好多:
That due of many now is thine alone. 諸多中的那份歸你留存。
Their images I loved I view in thee, 我鐘愛的倩影在你心中,
And thou, all they, hast all the all of me. 而你和他們,全在我心中。
XXXII 32
If thou survive my well-contented day 你若活過我壽限的那天
When that churl death bones with dust shall cover, 當死神用土覆蓋我尸骨,
And shalt by fortune once more resurvey 而將會幸運地審閱再三
These poor rude lines of thy deceased lover, 你逝去愛人的拙澀詩句,
Compare them with the bett'ring of the time, 把它們與當下杰作相比,
And though they be outstripped by every pen, 雖然比每一支筆要差些,
Reserve them for my love, not for their rhyme 但為了愛而留,不為韻式
Exceeded by the height of happier pen. 自知拙作已被妙筆超越。
O then vouchsafe me but this loving thought: 哦恩準我有這愛的思想:
'Had my friend's muse grown with this growing age, 讓朋友的詩才逐年跟進,
A dearer birth than this his love had brought 他的愛帶來了新的詩行
To march in ranks of better equipage; 在錦衣華服行列中行進。
But since he died, and poets better prove, 可他已死,詩人們更有才,
Theirs for their style I'll read , his for his love.' 為他的愛,我將讀其文采。
XXXIII 33
Full many a glorious morning have I seen 多少明麗的早上我目睹
Flatter the mountain tops with sovereign eye, 王者的眼睛取悅于山頂,
Kissing with golden face the meadows green, 金色面龐吻著草場青綠,
Gilding pale streams with heavenly alchemy; 灰暗的溪水被點染成金。
Anon permit the basest clouds to ride 瞬間又讓卑鄙云翳掠過
With ugly rack on his celestial face, 他的天臉粘上丑惡烏云,
And from the forlorn world his visage hide, 避開不幸人間其臉閃躲,
Stealing unseen to west with this disgrace. 帶著這種羞辱偷偷西沉。
Even so my sun one early morn did shine 我的太陽也在早上照亮,
With all triumphant splendor on my brow; 輝煌光彩在我額頭閃耀,
But out, alack, he was but one hour mine; 消失了啊,他只一時發(fā)光;
The region cloud hath masked him from me now. 現(xiàn)在天上云翳將他籠罩。
Yet him for this my love no wit distaineth: 我對他的愛不因此輕慢:
Suns of the world may stain when heaven's staineth. 天上太陽會暗人間亦然。
XXXIV 34
Why didst thou promise such a beauteous day 你為何允諾如此好晴天
And make me travel forth without my cloak, 使我未帶斗篷踏上征途,
To let base clouds o'ertake me in way, 讓烏云在路上把我追趕,
Hiding thy brav'ry in their rotten smoke? 將你的光華藏匿于濃霧?
'Tis not enough that through the cloud thou break 這還不夠你又穿過云翳
To dry the rain on my storm-beaten face, 弄干我臉上澆打的雨水,
For no man well of such a salve can speak 沒人會稱道這樣的膏劑
That heals the wound and cures not the disgrace . 只治療傷口不醫(yī)治羞愧。
Nor can thy shame give physic to my grief; 你的愧疚難治我的悲傷;
Though thou repent, yet I have still the loss. 雖然你懊悔,我哀戚依舊。
Th' offender's sorrow lends but weak relief 犯人的悔恨只微微補償,
To him that bears the strong offence's cross. 重犯的十字架由他承受。
Ah, but those tears are pearl which thy love sheds, 啊,可你愛灑的淚是珍珠,
And they are rich, and ransom all ill deeds. 極珍貴,把全部惡行贖回。
XXXV 35
No more be grieved at that which thou hast done; 別再為你的事情而傷感:
Roses have thorns, and silver fountains mud. 玫瑰有刺,清泉也有淤泥。
Clouds and eclipses stain both moon and sun, 烏云與虧蝕使日月變暗,
And loathsome canker lives in sweetest bud. 蠹蟲寄身于最甜的花蕾。
All men make faults, and even I in this, 人都會犯錯,我也是這樣,
Authorizing thy trespass with compare, 用比喻為你作無罪辯護,
Myself corrupting salving thy amiss, 自我作踐掩飾你的罪狀,
Excusing thy sins more than thy sins are; 你罪行再多也為你辯護;
For to thy sensual fault I bring in sense— 我以理性對待你的罪過——
Thy adverse party is thy advocate— 你的原告是你的辯護人——
And 'gainst myself a lawful plea commence. 對抗我自己而為你開脫。
Such civil war is my love and hate 這場內戰(zhàn)我是又愛又恨
That I am accessory needs must be 以致我是從犯實在必須
To that sweet thief which sourly robs from me. 甜蜜小賊從我身上竊取。
XXXVI 36
Let me confess that we two must be twain 讓我承認我倆必是兩人
Although our undivided loves are one; 我們的愛雖不分是一體;
So shall those blots that do with me remain 所以我身上將留有污痕
Without thy help by me be borne alone. 無需你助忍受由我自己。
In our two loves there is but one respect, 我倆的愛中有一個慎重,
Though in our lives a separable spite 我們生活里雖彼此分開;
Which, though it alter not love's sole effect, 它雖沒有改變愛的行動,
Yet doth it steal sweet hours from love's delight. 它偷走光陰從愉悅的愛。
I may not evermore acknowledge thee 我也許不再認你是故交,
Lest my bewailed guilt should do thee shame, 免得我的罪過使你受辱,
Nor thou with public kindness honour ne 你也不要公開對我夸耀
Unless thou takes that honour from thy name. 除非從你名字獲得榮譽。
But do not so. I love thee in such sort 可別如此。我愛你就是這樣:
As, thou being mine, mine is thy good report. 你屬于我,我才使你有聲望。
XXXVII 37
As a decrepit father takes delight 像衰老的父親樂于看到
To see his active child do deeds of youth, 他活潑的孩子年輕有為,
So I, made lame by fortune's dearest spite, 所以我,身體殘,被命運惡搞,
Take all my comfort of thy worth and truth; 獲得快感于美德和真理;
For whether beauty, birth, or wealth, or wit, 不論美麗、血統(tǒng)、財富、才智,
Or any of these all, or all, or more, 或一項,或全部,抑或更多,
Entitled in thy parts do crowned sit, 你都擁有頭銜穩(wěn)坐第一,
I make my love engrafted to this store. 我把我愛與這寶庫結合。
So then I am not lame, poor, nor despised, 所以我并不殘、不窮、不壞,
Whilst that this shadow doth such substance give 當這想象賜予這些家伙
That I in thy abundance am sufficed 我就在你的博大中愜懷,
And by a part of all thy glory live. 且靠你的一點光輝存活。
Look what is best, that best I wish in thee; 看最好的,愿在你的身軀;
This wish I have, then ten times happy me. 有這欲念,我就十倍幸福。
XXXVIII 38
How can my muse want subject to invent 你活著,我的繆斯,怎缺少
While thou dost breathe, that pour'st into my verse 想象的主題,涌入我詩篇,
Thine own sweet argument, too excellent 你的溫馨題材,極為美好
For every vulgar paper to rehearse? 為每一篇可誦之拙作謀篇?
O, give thyself the thanks if aught in me 哦,要謝你若拙作有詩意
Worthy perusal stand against thy sight; 站在你的眼前值得一讀;
For who's so dumb that cannot write to thee, 那些緘默之人不能寫你,
When thou thyself dost give invention light? 當你照亮了想象的全部?
Be thou the tenth muse, ten times more in worth 做第十個繆斯價值超十
Than those old nine which rhymers invocate 強過九位蹩腳者總乞求,
And he that calls on thee, let him bring forth 他有求于你,就讓他努力
Eternal numbers to outlive long date. 寫出永恒詩篇長存不朽。
If my sight muse do please these curious days, 若我的繆斯能取悅時代,
The pain be mine, but thine shall be the praise. 我痛苦,可你將被人崇拜。
XXXIX 39
O, how thy worth with manners may I sing 哦,我如何歌頌你的價值
When thou art all the better part of me? 當你全是我更好的那份?
What can mine own praise to mine own self bring, 什么能帶給我贊美自己,
And what is t but mine own when I praise thee? 當贊美你不是我的那份?
Even for this let us divided live, 甚至為此而讓我們分居,
And our dear love lose name of single one, 我們相愛失去單身之名,
That by this separation I may give 就憑這種區(qū)別我可給予
That due to thee which thou deservst alone. 你注定獨自應得的那份。
O absence, what a torment wouldst thou prove 哦離去,多大劇痛在心上
Were it not thy sour leisure gave sweet leave 酸楚閑暇不是甜蜜離散
To entertain the time with thoughts of love, 以愛的思緒去娛樂時光,
Which time and thoughts so sweetly doth deceive, 而時光與思緒甜蜜行騙。
And that thou teachest how to make one twain 你教授如何使一個變兩
By praising him here who doth hence remain! 誰留在這里就將他表揚!
XL 40
Take all my love, yea, take them all: 都拿走,拿走我全部的愛:
What hast thou then more than thou hadst before? 是否你比以前多了什么?
No love, my love, that thou mayst true love call, 不是愛,愛人,你呼喚真愛,
All mine was thine before thou hadst this more. 這之前我的愛就是你的。
Then if for my love thou my love receives, 那么你如果得到我的愛,
I cannot blame thee for my love thou unuset; 享用我的愛我就不怪你。
But yet be blamed if thou this self deceives 可你若自欺就要被責怪
By willful taste of what thyself refuset. 借故品嘗你拒絕的東西。
I do forgive thy robbry, gentle thief, 我原諒你搶劫,溫柔小賊,
Although thou steal thee all my porverty; 盡管你偷光了我的全部;
And yet love knows it is a greater grief, 可是愛知道這更加可悲:
To bear loves wrong than hates known injury .能忍愛傷害卻難忍冤屈。
Laccivious grace, in whom all ill well shows, 儒雅風流,惡行盡顯其中,
Kill me spites, yet we must not be foes. 把我殺死,也不仇敵與共。
XLI 41
Those pretty that liberty commits 有時候我不在你的心上
When I am sometimes absent from thy heart 風流放縱犯了那些小錯
Thy beauty and thy years full well befits, 你的美與年華相得益彰,
For still temptation follows where thou art. 你所在之地跟隨著誘惑。
Gentle thou art, and therefore to be won; 你高貴優(yōu)雅,且受到垂青;
Beauteous thou art, therefore to be assailed 你美麗動人,因而被攻擊;
And when a woman woos, what woman's son 當女人勾引時,哪個男人
Will sourly leave her till he have prevailed? 會悻悻離去而不占便宜?
Ay me, but yet thou mightst my seat forebear, 哎呀,可你把我位子占有,
And chide thy beauty and thy straying youth 怪你的美麗與浪蕩的青春
Who lead thee in their riot even there 引導你跟她們淫亂享受
Where thou art forced to break a two-fold truth: 你被迫毀掉雙重的誠信:
Hers, by thy beauty tempting her to thee, 她的,用你的美誘她失身,
Tine, by thy beauty being false to me , 你的,用你的美對我無信。
XLII 42
That you hast her, it is not all my grief, 你擁有她,我并不太悲戚,
And yet it may be said I loved her dearly; 然而可說我愛她很癡情;
That she hath thee is of my wailing chief, 她擁有你我才傷心哭泣,
A loss in love that touches more nearly 失戀狠狠觸及我的心靈。
Loving offenders, thus I will excuse ye: 情場罪犯們,我為你們辯護:
Thou dost love her because thou know'st I love her, 你愛她因你知道我愛她,
And for the sake even so doth she abuse me, 因為我她對我如此羞辱,
Suff'ring my friend for my sake to approve her. 為了我朋友遭罪去夸她。
If I lose thee, my loss is my love's gain, 失去你,是我愛人的豐收,
And losing her, my friend hath found that loss. 失去她,朋友知我損失大。
Both find each other,and I lose twain, 你兩秀恩愛,我卻失兩頭,
And both for my sake lay on me this cross. 因為兩頭我都背十字架。
But here's the joy: my friend and I are one. 朋友與我一體,這才逗樂,
Sweet flattery! Then she loves but me alone. 甜蜜獻媚!她只愛我一個。
XLIV 44
If the dull substance of my flesh were thought, 若我這身笨肉快如思想,
Injurious distance should not stop my way; 險路迢迢難擋我的征程;
For then, despite of space, I would be brought 那么,天地茫茫,我被帶往
From limits far remote where thou dost stay 你那所在之地,遠近不分。
No matter then although my foot did stand 那沒什么我的腳就站立
Upon the farthest earth removed from thee; 于最遠的大地離你而去;
For nimble thought can jump both sea and land 敏捷思想越過海洋大地,
As soon as think the place where he would be 猛一想那會是他的去處。
But ah, thought kills me that I am not thought, 可思想殺我我不是思想,
To leap large length of miles when thou are gone 躍過漫漫長路當你消失
But that, so much of earth and water wrought, 天造了這許多大地海洋,
I must attend time's leisure with my moan. 我必留意閑暇伴隨悲戚。
Receiving naught by elements so slow, 靠元素收到烏有很慢悠,
But heavy tears, badges of either's woe. 可沉沉淚水,是標志哀愁。
XLV 45
The other two, slight air and purging fire, 另兩種元素清氣與純火,
Are both with thee whenever I abide; 兩者無論何處我都陪你;
The first my thought, the other my desire, 前者我思想后者我欲火,
These present-absent with swift motion slide; 時隱時現(xiàn)行動滑溜迅疾;
For when these quicker elements are gone 這兩種靈巧的元素去往
In tender embassy of love to thee, 你的身邊沉入愛的溫馨,
My life being made of four, with two alone 我的生命由二變四組裝,
Sinks down to death, oppressed with melancholy, 垂垂死去時不由得傷心,
Until life's composition be recurred 等到生命的四元素回歸
By those swift messengers returned from thee, 那些信使迅疾離你而去,
Who even but now come back again assured 可此刻他們竟重又返回
Of thy fair health, recounting it to me. 確保你健康,對著我講述。
This told, I joy; but then no longer glad, 此言我喜聞,卻不再高興,
I send them back again and straight grow sad. 我又送走他們頓生悲情。
XLVI 46
Mine eye and heart are at a mortal war 我的眼和心在決一死戰(zhàn)
How to divide the conquest of thy sight. 決定如何贏得你的注視。
Mine eye my heart my picture's sight would bar, 眼阻攔心看你影像奇觀,
My heart, mine eye the freedom of that right. 心不讓眼有自由的權利。
My heart doth plead that thou in him dost lie, 心宣稱你就在他的心田,
A closet never pierced with crystal eyes; 水晶般的雙眼難窺其中;
But the defendant doth that plea deny, 可是被告否定那種狡辯 。
And say in him thy fair appearance lies. 說他眼中有你秀美姿容。
To 'cide this title is empanelled 這種權益由陪審團決定
A quest of thoughts, all tenants to the heart, 思考斷案,全由心的跟班,
And by their verdict is determined 就靠他們判斷做出裁定:
The clear eye's moiety and the dear heart's part. 明眸分一半心兒另一半。
As thus: mine eye's due is thy outward part, 于是:我眼分享你的外形,
And my heart's right thy inward love of heart. 我心享有你內在的愛心。
XLVII 47
Betwixt mine eye and heart a league is took, 我的眼和心進行了和談,
And each doth good turns now unto the other. 約定雙方輪流各享好處。
When that mine eye is famished for a look, 當我挨餓的眼想看一看,
Or heart is love with sighs himself doth smother, 或者心是愛嘆息著訴苦,
With my love's picture then my eye doth feast, 有愛人的畫像眼很盡興,
And to the painted banquet bids my heart 還邀心赴這描繪的盛宴,
Another time mine eye is my heart's guest 彼時我的眼是心的貴賓
And in his thoughts of love doth share a part. 在愛的懷想中共享美餐。
So either by thy picture or my love, 不管你的畫像或我的愛,
Thyself away art present still with me; 你自己遠離也陪我在此,
For thou no farther than my thoughts canst move, 你遠離也不離我的情懷,
And I am still with them, and they with thee; 我跟著他們,他們跟著你。
Or if they sleep, thy picture in my sight 若他們睡了,我見你畫像
Awakes my heart to heart's and eye's delight. 喚醒我心使心和眼歡暢。
XLVIII 48
How careful was I when I took my way 好小心啊我踏上了征程
Each trifle under truest bar to trust, 每件細軟鎖好防止闖入,
That to my use it might unused stay 到我用時也許原封未動。
From hands of falsehood, in sure wards of trust. 遠離賊手,藏在可靠小屋。
But thou, to whom my jewels trifles are, 可你,我的珠寶是你飾物
Most worthy comfort, now my greatest grief, 最值得樂,現(xiàn)在我最傷心,
Thou best of dearest and mine only care 你是我至愛只有我關注,
Are left the prey of every vulgar thief. 留下來是竊賊的戰(zhàn)利品。
Thee have I not locked up in any chest 我不能夠把你鎖進箱柜
Save where thou are not, though I feel thou art 你不在此,雖然我能感覺
Within the gentle closure of breast, 你有我的溫柔胸膛包圍,
From where at pleasure thou mayst come and part; 你來去隨意非常愉悅:
And even thence thou wilt be stol'n, I fear, 我怕里面你會被人偷走,
For truth proves thievish for a prize so dear. 因為重獎誠實變成小偷。
XLIX 49
Against that time, if ever that time come, 怕那時,如果那時真的來,
When I shall see thee frown on my defects, 我見你會皺眉因我的錯,
Whenas thy love hath cast his utmost sum, 當你的愛人已經算出來
Called to that audit by advised respects; 所謂的精確的計算結果。
Against that time when thou shalt strangely pass 怕那時你走過舉止怪異
And scarcely greet me with that sun, thine eye, 眼睛有太陽幾乎不理人,
When love converted from the thing it was 當愛情變得脫離了本義
Shall reasons find of settled gravity: 將從確定的肅穆找原因。
Within the knowledge of mine owndesert, 藏在我自己的熟人中間,
And this my hand against myself uprear 舉起我這手反對我自己
To guard the lawful reasons on thy part. 捍衛(wèi)合理原因站你那邊。
To leave poor me thou hast the strength of laws, 甩掉我你有執(zhí)法之權力,
Since why to love I can allege no cause. 為什么要愛我不知所以。
L 50
How heavy do I journey on the way, 一路征程我走得好疲乏,
When what I seek— my weary trave'ls end 我追尋勞頓旅途的終點
Doth teach that ease and that repose to say 那舒適那睡夢教我說話:
'Thus far the miles are measured from thy friend.' “離開你的朋友里程很遠。”
The beast that bears me, tired with my woe, 那牲口馱著我累得不行。
Plods dully on to bear that weight in me, 承載我的重量勞累乏力,
As if by some instinct the wretch did know 仿佛它命苦本能地聽命:
His rider loved not speed, being made from thee. 騎者不想快,越快越離開你。
The bloody spur cannot provoke him on 帶血馬刺不能逼它加速,
That sometimes anger thrusts into his hide, 發(fā)怒之時刺進它的皮肉,
Which heavily he answers with a groan 一聲嘶鳴它沉悶地答復
More sharp to me than spurring to his side: 疼痛不已比刺它還難受。
For that some groan doth put this in my mind: 那聲嘶鳴真的使我開竅:
My grief lies onward and my joy behind. 前面是煩惱后面樂陶陶。
又附拙譯《莎士比亞十四行詩選譯30首》中排印錯漏的第22首與第23首:
XII 22
My glass shall not persuade me I am old 照鏡子我不信我已老朽
So long as youth and thou are of one date; 只要青春與你時日一樣;
But when in thee time's furrows I behold, 當你臉上有時間的深溝,
Then look I death my days should expiate. 我知道我也一定會死亡。
For all that beauty that doth cover thee 遮蓋你全身的所有美艷
Is but the seemly rainment of my heart, 仿佛是我心中那件罩袍,
Which in thy breast doth live, as thine in me; 活在你心里,活在我心田;
How can I then be elder than thou art? 那么我怎么會比你更老?
O therefore, love, be of thyself so wary 因此啊,愛人,你自己保重
As I, not for myself,but for thee will, 像我,不為我自己,只為你,
Bearing thy heart, which J will keep so chary 捧著你的心,我如此慎重,
As tender nurse her babe from faring ill. 像乳娘育嬰怕染上惡疾。
Presume not on thy heart when mine is slain: 假定我心已死你心不會:
Thou gav'st me not to give back again. 你把心給我就不再收回
XXIII 23
As an unperfect actor on the stage 像個蹩腳演員登臺演出
Who with his fear is put besides his part, 心里總怕角色演得不像,
Or some fierce thing replete with too much rage 又像頭野獸在咆哮發(fā)怒
Whose strength's abundance weakens his own heart, 用力過猛反倒弄傷心臟,
So I, for fear of trust, forget to say 而我,因缺少自信,忘記
The perfect ceremony of lov's rite, 贊美情場上完美的盛典,
And in mine own love's strength seem to decay, 我內心愛之力似乎衰微,
O'er-charged with burden of mine own love's might. 愛之力壓著我成了負擔。
O let my books be then the eloquence 哦讓我的詩集善于說話、
And dumb presages of my speaking breast, 無聲預感我胸中的情懷,
Who plead for love, and look for recompense, 為愛而申辯,為愛而報答,
More than that tongue that more hath more expressed. 全勝過口頭已有的表白。
O learn to read what silent love hath writ; 哦,學會解讀沉默的愛意;
To hear with eyes belong to love's fine wit. 用眼聆聽屬于愛的心智。
注解【Notes】
①英文釋義見:Shakespeare Lexicon and Quotation Dictionary by Alexander Schmidt Dover Publications, Inc., New York ,1971.
Against that time ensconce me here 怕那時我把我藏在這里
蔣堅霞,華中科技大學外國語學院,主要從事莎士比亞與英語詩歌翻譯研究。)