多樁型復合地基作用機理與動力特性研究
張艷美1, 潘振華2, 張鴻儒3, 王震1, 黃春霞4
(1.中國石油大學(華東)儲運與建筑工程學院,山東 青島266580;
2.中國石油集團工程設計有限責任公司華北分公司,河北 任丘062552;
3.北京交通大學土木建筑工程學院,北京100044 ; 4.南京工業(yè)大學交通學院,江蘇 南京210009)
摘要:對由碎石樁和CFG樁構成的多樁型復合地基的作用機理進行分析,通過數值模擬,對多樁型復合地基的動力特性進行研究,探討樁型配比、樁徑、樁長、CFG樁樁體剛度和碎石樁樁體滲透性等設計參數對多樁型復合地基動力特性的影響。研究結果表明:相同條件下地震期多樁型復合地基的動變形小于碎石樁復合地基而大于CFG樁復合地基,震后沉降量相對較小,在工程設計時碎石樁與CFG樁的樁型配比宜為4∶5;隨樁體長度、樁體直徑和CFG樁剛度的增加,多樁型復合地基地震期的豎向動變形逐漸減小;隨碎石樁樁體滲透性的增加,多樁型復合地基中的超動孔隙水壓力減小,震后沉降量降低。
關鍵詞:多樁型復合地基; 作用機理; 動力特性; 動變形
收稿日期:*2014-08-20
基金項目:國家自然科學
作者簡介:張艷美(1972-),女,山東濱州人,副教授,從事土動力學、巖土工程加固技術與數值分析、地下結構工程研究.E-mail:zhangym@upc.eud.cn
中圖分類號:TU47文獻標志碼:A
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0844.2015.01.0082
Research on Mechanism and Dynamic Characteristics of Composite
Foundation with Multi-type Piles
ZHANG Yan-mei1, PAN Zhen-hua2, ZHANG Hong-ru3,
WANG Zhen1, HUANG Chun-xia4
(1.CollegeofPipelineandCivilEngineering,ChinaUniversityofPetroleum(Huadong),Qingdao,Shandong266580,China;
2.NorthChinaCompany,ChinaPetroleumEngineeringCo.,Ltd,Renqiu,Hebei062552,China;
3.SchoolofCivilEngineering,BeijingJiaotongUniversity,Beijing100044,China;
4.CollegeofTransportationScience&Engineering,NanjingTechUniversity,NanjingJiangsu210009,China)
Abstract:To meet the requirements of bearing capacity and anti-liquefaction of liquefiable foundations,the reinforcement of liquefiable soil using CFG piles combined with gravel piles is used in engineering.In this study, a composite foundation with multi-type piles composed of gravel piles and CFG piles was analyzed.In composite foundations with multi-type piles,gravel piles are supplemented piles that are mainly used to accelerate the foundation drainage consolidation.CFG piles are the main piles that undertake greater seismic load and reduce the dynamic pore pressure and post-earthquake settlement of the foundation.A composite foundation with multi-type piles composed of gravel and CFG piles can improve the bearing capacity and liquefaction resistance of a liquefiable foundation.A three dimensional numerical model was established and the dynamic characteristics of a composite foundation with multi-type piles was studied through numerical simulation;the influence of design parameters such as the ratio of pile type,pile diameter,pile length,CFG pile body stiffness,and gravel pile body permeability on dynamic characteristics of a composite foundation with multi-type piles was analyzed.The results show that the dynamic deformation of a composite foundation,including gravel pile composite foundation,CFG pile composite foundation,and composite foundation with multi-type piles is obviously smaller than that of a natural foundation during earthquakes,and the dynamic deformation decreases with increase in the number of CFG piles.When the ratio of gravel piles and CFG piles is 4:5,the dynamic deformation curve of a composite foundation with multi-type piles is close to that of the CFG pile composite foundation and the influence of the increase in the amount of CFG piles on the reduction in the dynamic deformation of the composite foundation is no longer obvious.When the ratio of gravel piles and CFG piles is 4:5,the dynamic pore water pressure of the composite foundation with multi-type piles is relatively small compared to that of the CFG pile composite foundation,and the composite foundation settlement caused by the earthquake is also relatively low.In engineering design,an appropriate ratio of gravel piles to CFG piles is 4∶5.The pile diameter,pile length,CFG pile body stiffness,and gravel pile body permeability can affect the dynamic deformation of a composite foundation with multi-type piles.With increase in the pile length,pile diameter,and CFG pile stiffness,the vertical dynamic deformation of the composite foundation with multi-type piles decreases gradually.With the increase of the permeability of the gravel pile body,the excess dynamic pore water pressure in the composite foundation with multi-type piles and the deformation after an earthquake decrease.
Key words: composite foundation with multi-type piles; mechanism; dynamic characteristics; dynamic deformation
0引言
為了滿足實際工程需求,近年來出現了多樁型復合地基,即將不同材料或不同長度的樁聯合起來加固地基。由于樁體類型較多,單一類型樁地基都有一定的適用范圍,有各自的優(yōu)勢和局限,多樁型復合地基往往能取不同樁體的優(yōu)勢,達到更好的加固效果。
與單一類型樁復合地基相比,多樁型復合地基的作用機理更為復雜。目前關于多樁型復合地基的研究已逐步展開,特別是針對靜荷載作用下多樁型復合地基承載力和變形方面的研究已取得了豐碩成果[1-11]。另外,現行《建筑地基處理技術規(guī)范》(JGJ79-2012)也首次納入了多樁型復合地基[12]。但是,對于像道路、鐵路以及可液化地基土處理等工程,多樁型復合地基不僅承受靜荷載,還會受到動荷載作用。隨著多樁型復合地基在工程中的推廣和應用,需要深入了解多樁型復合地基的動力特性,到目前為止,關于多樁型復合地基動力特性的研究尚處于起步階段[13-14]。
本文以碎石樁與CFG樁構成的多樁型復合地基為例,結合某油庫實際工程地質資料,研究其在地震作用下的動力響應特性,其中計算時作用于復合地基的靜荷載是根據油庫報告及相關資料得出的,將儲油罐荷載簡化成均布荷載,大小為120 kPa。
1多樁型復合地基作用機理分析
碎石樁是散體材料樁,在地基處理時對于松散砂土和粉土地基主要起到振密、擠密和抗液化作用;對于軟弱黏土地基主要起到置換和排水固結作用。事實上,盡管碎石樁能夠在一定程度上提高地基的承載力,但是由于碎石樁為散體材料樁,樁體強度的大小主要靠周圍土體對它的約束作用,當地基土強度不高時,碎石樁樁體效應的發(fā)揮和對地基承載力的提高幅度有限,有時難以滿足上部結構對地基承載力的要求。
CFG樁是高黏結強度樁,樁體效應顯著,一般情況下它可以發(fā)揮全樁長的側阻作用,如果樁端落在好土層上時也能發(fā)揮端阻作用,從而更好地提高地基的承載力。
由碎石樁和CFG樁構成的多樁型復合地基,一方面能利用碎石樁本身滲透性大的特點,加速軟土地基的固結以及地震作用引起的超動孔隙水壓力的消散,同時又能利用CFG樁本身強度高的優(yōu)勢,提高地基的承載力、減小地基的沉降量。同時,在地震作用下,由于CFG樁承擔了更多的地震荷載,從而減小了樁間土受到的剪應力,進而減小了地基土中超動孔隙水壓力的積累和地基的震后沉降量;對于可液化地基來說,提高了地基的抗液化能力。
2計算參數及數值計算模型
2.1計算參數
多樁型復合地基計算參數見表1。若無特殊說明,計算時樁徑取0.6 m、樁長取12 m、樁間距取1.8 m、CFG樁剛度為1 600 MPa。

表 1 計算參數
2.2計算模型
多樁型復合地基采用正方形布樁(圖1)。在進行動力計算時,靜荷載引起的超靜孔隙水壓力和位移均清零。底面為不透水基巖固定端,頂面為透水自由面,周邊設置FLAC3D軟件提供的自由邊界。CFG樁采用線彈性模型,網格劃分見圖2。若無特殊說明,計算結果指的是1點或其下某深度處的計算結果(圖2(b))。

圖1 多樁型復合地基示意圖 Fig.1 Sketch of the composite foundation with multi-type piles

圖2 網格劃分示意圖 Fig.2 Grid map of the model
2.3地震波輸入
采用E1 CENTRO波作為輸入地震波(圖3)。計算時將最大加速度調整至0.2 g作為Ⅷ度設防時的最大地震加速度,只考慮地震剪切波單向垂直傳入地基,不考慮雙向和三向傳入。

圖3 EI CENTRO波加速度時程曲線 Fig.3 Acceleration time-history curve of EI CENTRO wave
3計算結果與分析
3.1樁型配比的影響
圖4為多樁型復合地基布置圖,碎石樁與CFG樁的樁型配比分別取為8∶1、5∶4和4∶5。圖中深色代表CFG樁,淺色代表碎石樁。
圖5對比了120 kPa均布靜荷載作用下不同復合地基的沉降云圖。由計算結果知,當樁體全部為碎石樁時(圖5(a)),樁間土的最大沉降量為22.72 cm;全部為CFG樁時(圖5(b)),最大沉降量為14.47 cm;碎石樁與CFG樁的配比為8∶1時(圖5(c)),最大沉降量為20.65 cm;配比分別取5∶4和4∶5時(圖5(d)、圖5(e)),最大沉降量分別為19.79 cm 和18.75 cm。可見,隨著CFG樁的加入樁間土的沉降量逐漸減小。在碎石樁與CFG樁構成的多樁型復合地基中,CFG樁為主樁,承擔主要荷載并控制地基的沉降變形;碎石樁為輔樁,承擔小部分荷載,主要起加速地基排水固結的作用。

圖4 不同配比下碎石樁和CFG樁布置圖 Fig.4 Diagram of gravel piles and CFG piles in different proportions

圖5 不同樁型復合地基的沉降云圖 Fig.5 Settlement nephogram of the composite foundation with different types of pile
圖6反映了地震期不同類型地基在1點(圖1(b))處的豎向變形時程曲線。可以看出,地震期復合地基的動變形量明顯小于天然地基,且隨CFG樁數量的增加,動變形減小;當碎石樁與CFG樁的配比為4∶5時,多樁型復合地基與CFG樁復合地基的動變形曲線接近,繼續(xù)增多CFG樁的數量,對復合地基動變形減小的影響已經不再明顯。

圖6 地震期復合地基的動變形時程曲線 Fig.6 Dynamic deformation time-history curves of composite foundation during earthquake
與CFG樁復合地基相比,碎石樁與CFG樁配比為4∶5時,多樁型復合地基產生的動孔隙水壓力相對較小(圖7),故地震結束后,復合地基所產生的沉降量也相對較低。

圖7 地震期復合地基的動孔壓時程曲線(4 m處) Fig.7 Dynamic pore pressure time-history curves of composite foundation during earthquake (at a depth of 4 m)
圖8對比了地震作用下不同樁型配比的多樁型復合地基的動力響應時程曲線。當碎石樁與CFG樁配比分別為8∶1、5∶4和4∶5時,地基1點(圖1(b))2 m處樁間土的最大水平加速度分別為2.596 m/s2、2.438 m/s2和2.418 m/s2。說明隨CFG樁的加入,地基減震效果增加,當配比小于5∶4時,再增加CFG樁的數量,減小地基振動的效果已不再明顯。
3.2樁體設計參數的影響
圖9反映了樁長、樁徑、CFG樁樁體剛度等因素對多樁型復合地基豎向動變形的影響。通過曲線對比可知,隨樁體長度、樁體直徑和CFG樁剛度的增加,多樁型復合地基地震期的豎向動變形逐漸減小,其中樁體直徑和CFG樁剛度的影響相對較大。
圖10反映了樁徑、碎石樁滲透系數等因素對多樁型復合地基豎向動孔隙水壓力的影響。可以看出,隨樁體直徑的增大、碎石樁滲透系數的增加,地基中的動孔隙水壓力減小,故復合地基的震后沉降量降低。因此,為了減小地基的震后沉降量,應確保碎石樁樁體的滲透性。
4結語
(1) 在碎石樁和CFG樁構成的多樁型復合地基中,CFG樁為主樁,主要提高了地基的承載力,減小了地基的沉降量;碎石樁為輔樁,主要加速了地基土的排水固結。

圖8 地震期復合地基的加速度時程曲線(2 m處) Fig.8 Acceleration time-history curves of composite foundation during earthquake (at a depth of 2 m)

圖9 不同樁體設計參數下地震期多樁型復合地基的動變形時程曲線(4∶5) Fig.9 Dynamic deformation time-history curves of composite foundation with multi-type piles with different design parameters of pile during earthquake (4∶5)

圖10 不同樁體設計參數下地震期多樁型復合地基的動孔隙水壓力時程曲線(4:5) Fig.10 Dynamic pore pressure time-history curves of composite foundation with multi-type piles with different design parameters of pile during earthquake (4∶5)
(2) 相同條件下,碎石樁與CFG的配比為4:5時,多樁型復合地基的動力性能相對較好。
(3) 樁體直徑和CFG樁的樁體剛度對多樁型復合地基動力特性的影響較大。
(4) 由于樁體類型較多,本文僅對碎石樁和CFG樁構成的多樁型復合地基進行了分析,今后還應加強其他類型樁構成的多樁型復合地基方面的研究。另外,布樁方式、樁間距、施工工藝等因素對多樁型復合地基的動力性能也會產生影響,并且目前關于這方面的工程實測數據和試驗數據較少,建議進一步加強這方面的研究工作,以便為工程設計提供較為準確的定量參考。
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