小兒室間隔缺損修補術中烏司他丁及氨甲環酸聯用的效果及臨床意義
劉延芹1,李素玲1,趙海濤1,趙硯麗1,高義1,楊永輝2
(1河北省兒童醫院,石家莊050031;2河北省胸科醫院)
摘要:目的觀察小兒室間隔缺損修補術中聯合應用烏司他丁及氨甲環酸的臨床效果,探討其臨床意義。方法選取室間隔缺損患兒200例,按照隨機數字法分為A組、B組、C組及對照組,每組各50例。擇期行室間隔缺損修補術,四組均于麻醉誘導后給藥:A組靜脈注射烏司他丁10 000 U/kg,B組靜脈注射氨甲環酸注射液20 mg/kg,C組靜脈注射氨甲環酸注射液20 mg/kg及烏司他丁10 000 U/kg,對照組靜脈注射同等體積生理鹽水。記錄術中心包引流量及冰凍血漿輸注量。手術前及手術結束12 h后自中心靜脈導管取血,檢測血清炎癥指標(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10)及凝血指標(中性粒彈性蛋白酶、PT、APTT)。結果A、B、C組術中心包引流量及冰凍血漿輸注量均少于對照組,且C組少于A、B組(P均<0.05)。A、B、C組血清TNF-α及IL-6水平均低于對照組,且C組低于A、B組;A、B、C組血清IL-10水平高于對照組,且C組高于A、B組;A、B、C組血清彈性蛋白酶水平、PT、APTT均低于對照組,且C組低于A、B組(P均<0.05)。結論 小兒室間隔缺損修補術中聯合應用烏司他丁及氨甲苯酸具有較好的止血作用,可減少術中心包引流量及輸血量,可能與促進凝血功能及抑制炎癥反應有關。
關鍵詞:烏司他丁;氨甲環酸;室間隔缺損;炎癥;凝血
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2015.42.002
中圖分類號:R654.2 文獻標志碼:A
基金項目:河北省醫學科學研究重點課題計劃資助項目(20110015)。
作者簡介:第一劉延芹(1972-),女,碩士,副主任醫師,研究方向為小兒麻醉。E-mail: liuyanqin002@126.com
作者簡介:通信楊永輝(1972-),男,碩士,主任醫師,研究方向為臨床病理及病理生理。E-mail: yangyonghui002@126.com
收稿日期:(2015-05-23)
Effect of ulinastatin and tranexamic acid on inflammatory and coagulation indexes
in children undergoing ventricular septal defect repair
LIUYan-qin1, LI Su-ling, ZHAO Hai-tao, ZHAO Yan-li, GAO Yi, YANG Yong-hui
(1Children′sHospitalofHebeiProvince,Shijiazhuang050031,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the effect of ulinastatin and tranexamic acid on inflammatory and coagulation indexes in children undergoing ventricular septal defect repair. MethodsA total of 200 children diagnosed with ventricular septal defect were divided into four groups, 50 cases in each group: ulinastatin group (group A), tranexamic acid group (group B), combination group (group C) and the control group. The volume of drainage from pericardium and frozen plasma infusion volume during the operation were recorded. We took the blood from the central venous catheter before and 12 hours after operation to detect the serum inflammatory indexes, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), and coagulation indexes, including neutral grain of elastase, prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT).ResultsThe volume of drainage from pericardium and frozen plasma infusion volume of the groups A, B and C were less than that of the control group, and the combination group was less than the other groups ( all P<0.05). The serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the groups A, B and C were lower than that of the control group, and group C was lower than the other two groups; the serum level of IL-10 in the groups A, B and C were higher than that of the control group, and group C was higher than the other two groups; the serum levels of elastase, PT and APTT in the groups A, B and C were lower than that of the control group, and group C was lower than the other two groups (all P<0.05).ConclusionThe ulinastatin and aminomethylbenzoic acid have hemostatic and anti-inflammatory effect in children undergoing ventricular septal defect repair, which can reduce the volume of drainage from pericardium and frozen plasma infusion volume during the operation, and it may be related with the promotion of coagulation and inhibition of inflammatory reaction.
Key words: ulinastatin; aminomethylbenzoic acid; ventricular septal defect; inflammation; coagulation
大型室間隔缺損一般采用體外循環直視下行手術修補,而體外循環可嚴重干擾凝血功能,導致血小板減少、纖溶系統失衡等,造成術中出血[1~3]。此外,體外循環過程中使用的異體物質及異體血液可激活體內中性粒細胞、內皮細胞等,導致多種促炎介質釋放,形成全身炎癥反應綜合征,進一步加重了出血的風險。抑肽酶是非特異性蛋白酶抑制劑,具有促凝作用,常用于減少圍手術期出血和輸血量,但不良反應較大。烏司他丁也是非特異性蛋白酶抑制劑,具有抑制出血的作用,是否能有效減少心臟手術中出血目前尚不明確。氨甲環酸是一種抗纖溶藥物,可抑制纖維蛋白單體發揮促凝作用,對凝血功能具有保護作用[4,5]。2011年10月~2015年3月,我們對室間隔缺損患兒室間隔缺損修補術中應用烏司他丁及氨甲環酸,觀察兩種藥物聯合應用的作用,探討其臨床意義。
1資料與方法
1.1臨床資料選取我院收治的室間隔缺損患兒200例,男104例、女96例,年齡3~6歲,體質量7~20 kg。經超聲心動圖檢查確診為室間隔缺損,缺損口徑為主動脈的1/3~2/3,不伴有其他心臟畸形和合并癥,排除嚴重心功能不全、肝腎功能嚴重受損及近期曾應用抗炎藥物的患兒。按隨機數字法分為對照組、A組、B組及C組,每組50例。四組年齡、性別、體質量和術前心功能等差異均無統計學意義。本研究經醫院倫理委員會批準,患兒家屬均簽署知情同意書。
1.2治療方法擇期行體外循環直視下室間隔缺損修補術。所有患兒術前禁食禁水8 h,氣管插管后行靜脈吸入復合麻醉,應用異丙酚、哌庫溴銨等進行麻醉維持。監測心電圖、血氧飽和度、中心靜脈壓等。四組均于麻醉誘導后給藥:A組靜脈注射烏司他丁10 000 U/kg,B組靜脈注射氨甲環酸注射液20 mg/kg,C組靜脈注射氨甲環酸注射液20 mg/kg及烏司他丁10 000 U/kg,對照組靜脈注射同等體積生理鹽水。手術采用胸骨正中切口入路,對室間隔較小缺損予直接縫合,對大缺口則使用滌綸織片縫補。手術結束時停止使用藥物。
1.3評價指標記錄手術期間心包引流量及冰凍血漿輸注量以評價止血效果。手術前及手術結束12 h后自中心靜脈導管取血,檢測血清炎癥指標(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10)及凝血指標(中性粒彈性蛋白酶、PT、APTT)。

2結果
2.1各組術中心包引流量及冰凍血漿輸注量比較見表1。

表1 各組術中心包引流量及冰凍血漿輸注量比較 ± s)
注:與對照組比較,*P<0.05;與C組比較,﹟P<0.05。
2.2各組炎癥指標及凝血指標比較見表2。

表2 各組炎癥指標及凝血指標比較
注:與同組術前比較,*P<0.05;與對照組術后比較,*P<0.05;與C組術后比較,﹟P<0.05。
3討論
約有20%行室間隔缺損修補術的患兒術后會發生出血,主要原因是體外循環引起的體內凝血機制的異常。此外,體外循環過程中物理異物與化學刺激相互作用,可導致機體炎性介質釋放,加之心、腦、肝及腎臟等臟器缺血再灌注后引起補體系統和細胞免疫反應的激活,均可導致促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6與抗炎因子IL-10平衡失調,從而影響凝血功能[6~8]。促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6可激活內皮細胞、組織因子的表達,刺激產生血小板活化因子,通過血小板形態和數量的改變影響凝血系統功能。抑肽酶是臨床常用的抗凝藥物,能有效減輕體外循環導致的凝血功能障礙及炎癥反應,但具有嚴重的不良反應,限制了在手術中的應用[9,10]。
烏司他丁是非特異性蛋白酶抑制劑,常用于出血性疾病的治療,能廣泛抑制多種蛋白酶,與抑肽酶同樣具有抑制胰蛋白酶、磷脂酶A及透明質酸酶等多種水解酶活性的作用。氨甲環酸是纖溶酶抑制劑,可通過抗纖溶作用起到保護血小板作用,從而達到促凝作用。研究發現,烏司他丁與氨甲環酸聯合應用可有效調節患兒體內的凝血系統,減少體外循環引起的術后出血[11~13]。且烏司他丁及氨甲環酸單用及聯用均可降低手術出血率[14,15]。本研究發現,A、B、C組術中心包引流量及冰凍血漿輸注量均少于對照組,C組少于A、B組,提示烏司他丁及氨甲環酸均可減少術中心包引流量及冰凍血漿輸注量,且兩種藥物聯合應用的效果更為明顯,能夠更有效地發揮止血效果、減少術中心包引流量及輸血量、降低術中出血的風險。
促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6在炎癥損傷中起到重要作用,失調的炎癥反應可以加重感染危險,并增加出血風險。研究發現,術中應用烏司他丁及氨甲苯酸可降低IL-6等炎癥因子的釋放,可能有助于減輕體外循環過程中的出血。本研究發現,A、B、C組的TNF-α及IL-6水平均低于對照組,且C組低于A、B組,提示烏司他丁及氨甲環酸均可有效降低體內的炎癥水平,且兩種藥物聯合應用的效果更為明顯,可在此類手術中有效抑制炎癥反應,減少術后并發出血的危險。
IL-10是一種抗炎因子,可抑制多種核轉錄因子,具有抑制炎癥細胞激活和遷移的作用。本研究發現,A、B、C組的IL-10水平高于對照組,且C組高于A、B組,提示烏司他丁及氨甲環酸均可提高IL-10水平,從而減輕炎癥反應引起的組織破壞,降低出血風險。
促凝和抗凝的平衡與炎癥反應具有復雜的相互作用。本研究發現,A、B、C組的彈性蛋白酶、PT、APTT均低于對照組,且C組均低于A、B組,提示烏司他丁及氨甲環酸可調節凝血系統的平衡,協同使用可有效降低術后出血的風險,可能與抑制TNF-α、IL-10等炎癥因子的釋放有關。
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